Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό την μελέτη της ορυκτολογίας, της πετρολογίας και της κοιτασματολογίας των οφειολίθων του μεταλλείου Ξερολίβαδου του οφειολιθικού συμπλέγματος του Βούρινου.

Η περιοχή έρευνας ανήκει στο οφειολιθικό σύμπλεγμα του Βούρινου. Η οφειολιθική ακολουθία αποτελείται κυρίως από μανδυακά πετρώματα, καθώς και από μία διατηρημένη μαγματική ακολουθία. Η μανδυακή ενότητα περιλαμβάνει χαρτσβουργίτες και δουνίτες με πολύ συχνή μεταλλοφορία χρωμίτη, ενώ η σωρειτική ενότητα αποτελείται από δουνίτες, γάββρους, νορίτες και βερλίτες. Στα ανώτερα επίπεδα της σωρειτικής ενότητας, εμφανίζονται διορίτες, διαβάσες, δακίτες και γρανοφύρες.

Το μεταλλείο Ξερολίβαδου βρίσκεται στο Νότιο Βούρινο (Όρος Φλάμπουρο) και ανήκει στην βάση της οφειολιθικής ακολουθίας του Βούρινου. Το κοίτασμα χρωμίτη φιλοξενείται σε σερπεντινίτες οι οποίοι έχουν προκύψει από δουνιτικής αρχικής σύστασης υπερβασικά πετρώματα. Το δουνιτικό σώμα του Ξερολίβαδου είναι το μεγαλύτερο του Βούρινου και εμφανίζεται επιφανειακά σε έκταση περίπου 3 επί 1 χλμ. Ο δουνίτης περιβάλλεται από τον κύριο σχηματισμό της περιοχής, τον χαρτσβουργίτη. Τρεις (3) κύριες ομάδες ρηγμάτων (F1, F2 και Fm) χωρίζουν το μεταλλείο σε 4τομείς: το Βόρειο, τον Κεντρικό, το Νότιο και το Νοτιοδυτικό. Ο τελευταίος δεν εκμεταλλεύτηκε ποτέ. Η μεταλλοφορία χρωμίτη εντοπίζεται σε επτά (7) κύρια λοβόμορφα χρωμιτικά σώματα που διατρέχουν το μεταλλείο κατά μήκος και φιλοξενούν μεταλλοφορία μορφής πλακών ή ταινιών.

Οι παράμετροι ol-hy-di που προέκυψαν από τον υπολογισμό της CIPW norm προβλήθηκαν στο διάγραμμα του Coleman (1977): οι σερπεντινίτες του Ξερολιβάδου προβάλλονται στα πεδία των δουνιτών, ενώ τα δείγματα που λήφθησαν από άλλες τοποθεσίες του Βούρινου προβάλλονται στο πεδίο των χαρτσβουργιτών. Τα δείγματα που προβλήθηκαν στο πεδίο των χαρτσβουργιτών, εμφανίζουν μέσο όρο του λόγου MgO/(MgO+FeO) ο οποίος είναι 0,84 και υψηλό μέσο όρο περιεκτικότητας σε Cr (2782 ppm), γεγονός που επιβεβαιώνει τον χαρτσβουργιτικό χαρακτήρα του αρχικού πρωτόλιθου.

Τα δείγματα σερπεντινίτη του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου, εμφανίζουν μέση περιεκτικότητα σε Cr 1847 ppm και μέση περιεκτικότητα σε Ni 3244,6 ppm. Η υψηλή περιεκτικότητα σε Ni αποδίδεται στην παρουσία σε αυτά Ni-σουλφιδίων. Aπό τη γεωχημική μελέτη των μεταδιαβασικών πετρωμάτων του Βούρινου (περιοχή Κράπας-Βατόλακκου) και την προβολή των χημικών αναλύσεων τους σε μεγάλο αριθμό διακριτικών διαγραμμάτων, προέκυψε πως το μάγμα που έδωσε την κρυστάλλωση των πετρωμάτων αυτών ήταν θολεϊιτικής σύστασης χαμηλού Ti και χαμηλού Κ, σε γεωτεκτονικό περιβάλλον σχηματισμού νησιωτικού τόξου (IAT) πάνω από καταδυόμενη ωκεάνια λιθόσφαιρα (SSZ).

Οι σερπεντινίτες αποτελούνται ορυκτολογικά κυρίως από σερπεντίνη. Άλλα επουσιώδη ορυκτά των σερπεντινιτών είναι ο ολιβίνης, ο Cr-σπινέλλιος, ο μαγνητίτης, τα Fe-Ni-Co-σουλφίδια (αβαρουίτη, πετλανδίτη, χεζλεγουδίτη), ο χλωρίτης καθώς και ανθρακικά ορυκτά. Οι Cr-σπινέλλιοι των σερπεντινιτών παρουσιάζουν φαινόμενα εξαλλοίωσης σε Fe- χρωμίτη. Η γένεση μαγνητίτη και των σουλφιδίων, καθώς και η εξαλλοίωση του χρωμίτη σε Fe-χρωμίτη αποδίδεται στη διαδικασία της σερπεντινίωσης. Ο χρωμίτης στους χρωμιτίτες εμφανίζεται κατακλασμένος και κατά θέσεις έχει εξαλλοιωθεί σε μικρό βαθμό σε Fe-χρωμίτη. Όπως και στους σερπεντινίτες, η εξαλλοίωση του χρωμίτη σε Fe-χρωμίτη αποδίδεται στη διαδικασία της σερπεντινίωσης. Από την προβολή των σπινελλίων των χρωμιτιτών και των σερπεντινιτών του Ξερολιβάδου στο τριγωνικό διάγραμμα ονοματολογίας του Stevens προκύπτει πως όλοι οι αναλλοίωτοι χρωμίτες προβάλλονται στο πεδίο των αργιλλιούχων χρωμιτών. Με βάση την ταξινόμηση των Dick and Bullen (1984) που διέκριναν τους Αλπικού τύπου σπινελλιούχους περιδοτίτες σε 3 υποτύπους ανάλογα με την τιμή της Cr# (=Cr/(Cr+Al)) κατατάσσονται στον τύπο ΙΙΙ (αλπικοί) περιδοτιτών.

Οι χρωμίτες του μεταλλεύματος παρουσιάζουν τα εξής χημικά χαρακτηριστικά:

1. Cr 2 O 3 = 59,13-61,64 % κ.β.

2. Al 2 O 3 = 8,08-11,98 % κ.β.

3. TiO 2 = 0,11-0,18 % κ.β.

4. Cr# (=Cr/(Cr+Al)) = 0,769-0,834

5. Mg# (=Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+ )) = 0,553-0,700

6. Fe 3+ # (=Fe 3+ /(Fe 3+ +Cr+Al)) = 0,300-0,447

Όλοι οι χρωμίτες από άποψη βιομηχανικής χρήσης χαρακτηρίζονται ως μεταλλουργικού τύπου υψηλού χρωμίου. Η περιεκτικότητα των χρωμιτών σε Mg ακολουθεί την εξής φθίνουσα σειρά: συμπαγείς χρωμίτες ταινιών χρωμίτη μεταλλεύματος, διάσπαρτοι χρωμίτες ταινιών σερπεντινίτη μεταλλεύματος, επουσιώδεις χρωμίτες πετρώματος κοντά στο μετάλλευμα και επουσιώδεις χρωμίτες πετρώματος σε απόσταση από το μετάλλευμα. Την ίδια συμπεριφορά δείχνει η περιεκτικότητα των χρωμιτών σε Cr, ενώ την ακριβώς αντίθετη συμπεριφορά δείχνουν τα στοιχεία Fe, Zn, Mn και V.

Κατά τη διάρκεια επανεξισορρόπησης μεταξύ σπινέλλιου-ολιβίνη, έλαβε χώρα ανταλλαγή ιόντων μεταξύ των 2 ορυκτών. Κυρίως ο Fe 2+ και δευτερευόντως το Mn, ο Zn και το Co αντικατέστησαν το Mg στο πλέγμα του χρωμίτη. Οι αντικαταστάσεις ήταν πιο έντονες στους χρωμίτες των σερπεντινιτών όπου ο ολιβίνης βρίσκεται σε μεγαλύτερη περιεκτικότητα. Αντίστοιχα, ο ολιβίνης εμφανίζεται πλουσιότερος σε Mg και Ni και πτωχότερος σε Fe στους χρωμίτες των χρωμιτιτών από αυτούς των σερπεντινιτών.

Από την λεπτομερή ανάλυση με LA-ICP-MS χρωμιτών από δείγματα μεταλλεύματος, προκύπτει πως οι χρωμίτες του μεταλλεύματος περιέχουν κατά μέσο όρο:

1. 1023,22 ppm Ti

2. 683,03 ppm V

3. 1288,03 ppm Mn

4. 270,16 ppm Co

5. 738,98 ppm Ni

6. 345,42 ppm Zn

7. 25,20 ppm Ga

Τα ιχνοστοιχεία Co, V, Zn, Ti και Ga συσχετίζονται θετικά με τους χρωμίτες ενώ, αρνητική συσχέτιση έχει το Ni. Το γεγονός αυτό δείχνει πως τα ιχνοστοιχεία Co, V, Zn, Ti και Ga βρίσκονται στον χρωμίτη ενώ το Ni ελέγχεται από τον ολιβίνη. Με τη χρήση των διακριτικών διαγραμμάτων βασισμένων στην ορυκτοχημεία του χρωμίτη, καθώς και σε συνδυασμό με τα γεωλογικά και πετρογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά του μεταλλείου Ξερολίβαδου, το κοίτασμα της περιοχής μελέτης αποτελεί ένα τυπικό Αλπικού τύπου ή λοβόμορφο ή οφειολιθικό κοίτασμα.

Επίσης, από την χρήση των κατάλληλων διακριτικών διαγραμμάτων, προέκυψε πως το κοίτασμα χρωμίτη του Ξερολίβαδου γεννήθηκε σε περιβάλλον νησιωτικού τόξου πάνω από ωκεάνια ζώνη υποβύθισης από τήγμα προερχόμενο από υψηλού βαθμού μερική τήξη έντονα εκχυμωμένου μανδυακού υλικού που είχε μπονινιτική σύσταση. Το τήγμα ανήλθε στον δουνίτη μέσω διαρρήξεων από διάταση.

Με τη χρήση του γεωθερμομέτρου των Ballhaus et al. (1991), βρέθηκαν τα παρακάτω θερμοκρασιακά εύρη για τα δείγματα του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου:

- 442-744 ο C (663±82 o C) για τους χρωμιτίτες

- 745-877 ο C (805±44 o C) για τους σερπεντινίτες κοντά στα χρωμιτικά σώματα

- 758-854 o C (805±32 o C) για τους σερπεντινίτες ενδιάμεσα των χρωμιτικών σωμάτων

Επίσης, με τη χρήση του γεωβαρόμετρου των Ballhaus et al. (1991), βρέθηκαν τα

παρακάτω λογαριθμικά εύρη τιμών για την ενεργότητα του οξυγόνου (fO 2 ) για τα δείγματα του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου:

- 0,537-1,510 (1,080±0,320) για τους χρωμιτίτες

- 0,516-1,169 (0,789±0,212) για τους σερπεντινίτες κοντά στα χρωμιτικά σώματα

- -0,233-0,950 (0,336±0,306) για τους σερπεντινίτες ενδιάμεσα των χρωμιτικών

σωμάτων

Ψηφιοποιώντας, γεωαναφέροντας και συνδυάζοντας 18 τομές κατά μήκος των χρωμιτικών σωμάτων, 14 κάθετες στα χρωμιτικά σώματα τομές και γεωλογικούς και κοιτασματολογικούς χάρτες τις περιοχής μελέτης, δημιουργήθηκαν 9 χάρτες προβολής της μεταλλοφορίας σε διαφορετικά επίπεδα του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου. Εξαιρώντας τους χρωμίτες των ταινιών χρωμίτη του μεταλλεύματος, χρησιμοποιώντας μόνο τις αναλύσεις διάσπαρτου χρωμίτη στο μετάλλευμα και στον σερπεντινίτη -και φυσικά τις μετρήσεις στον ολιβίνη-, με τη συνδυασμένη χρήση των τοπογραφικών συντεταγμένων και των χημικών αναλύσεων του χρωμίτη και του ολιβίνη, δημιουργήθηκαν οι ισογεωχημικοί χάρτες κατιόντων χημικών στοιχείων, θερμοκρασίας, ενεργότητας οξυγόνου κ.λπ., οι οποίοι συγκρίθηκαν με τη χωρική ανάπτυξη των χρωμιτικών σωμάτων.

Συγκρίνοντας τον τοπογραφικό χάρτη με τους ισογεωχημικούς χάρτες, υποδεικνύεται με πολύ καλή ακρίβεια η τοποθεσία των χρωμιτικών σωμάτων στο μεταλλείο Ξερολιβάδου. Η ύπαρξη μεταλλοφόρων σωμάτων μπορεί να προβλεφθεί γεωχημικά σε κλίμακα από πέντε ως τριάντα μέτρα. Ένα τέτοιο γεωχημικό εργαλείο θα μπορούσε να εφαρμοστεί για τη διερεύνηση της συνέχισης των χρωμιτικών σωμάτων στο ΝΔ τομέα του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου καθώς και σε άλλα λοβόμορφα κοιτάσματα χρωμίτη τόσο στο Βούρινο όσο και σε άλλα οφειολιθικά συμπλέγματα.

Χημικές αναλύσεις PGE’s+Au σε δείγματα μεταλλεύματος, έδειξαν τα παρακάτω όρια μεταβολής (σε ppb) για κάθε ένα στοιχείο στο μεταλλείο Ξερολιβάδου είναι:

1. Os=<1-29

2. Ir=18-31

3. Ru=36-120

4. Rh=<1-15

5. Pt=3,5-16

6. Pd=<1-82

7. Au=<0,5-58

Η χαμηλή (107-206 ppb) περιεκτικότητα των χρωμιτιτών σε ΣPGE’s+Au καθώς και η χρήση των χαρακτηριστικών γραφημάτων κατανομής των PGE’s και η σύγκρισή τους με άλλα λοβόμορφα κοιτάσματα χρωμιτών συνηγορεί στο γεγονός πως το κοίτασμα της περιοχής μελέτης αποτελεί ένα τυπικό Αλπικού τύπου κοίτασμα. Συμπερασματικά, για τη γένεση του κοιτάσματος χρωμίτη του μεταλλείου Ξερολιβάδου, προτείνεται πως τα τήγματα από τα οποία κρυσταλλώθηκε ο χρωμίτης ήταν μπονινιτικού τύπου, ακόρεστα σε θείο και προέκυψαν από υψηλού βαθμού μερική τήξη έντονα εκχυμωμένου μανδυακού υλικού σε γεωτεκτονικό περιβάλλον νησιωτικού τόξου πάνω από καταδυόμενη λιθόσφαιρα (SSZ). Τα τήγματα ανέρχονταν στο χαρτσβουργίτη ξενιστή των χρωμιτιτών μέσω διαρρήξεων από διάταση, που σταδιακά εξελίχθηκαν σεσύστημα πολλαπλών μαγματικών θαλάμων. Στους τελευταίους έλαβε χώρα η κρυστάλλωση του χρωμίτη κάτω από κατάλληλες φυσικοχημικές αλληλοεπίδρασης τήγματος/πετρώματος.

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