Κοιτασματολογική και ορυκτολογική μελέτη της μεταλλοφορίας που συνδέεται με τη μαγματική διείσδυση στα Κιμμέρια Ξάνθης=Mineralogical and geochemical Studies of the ore mineralization on associated with the magmatic intrusion of Xanthi in Kimmeria, NE Greece
Περίληψη
Η παρούσα εργασία αφορά στην κοιτασματολογική και ορυκτολογική μελέτη των μεταλλοφοριών που συνδέονται με μαγματική διείσδυση (intrusion-related) στα Κιμμέρια Ξάνθης. Τα πετρώματα της περιοχής έρευνας ανήκουν στη γεωτεκτονική μάζα της Ροδόπης και αποτελούνται από γνευσίους, αμφιβολίτες, μαρμαρυγιακούς σχιστόλιθους και μάρμαρα. Οι μεταλλοφορίες που εντοπίζονται στη περιοχή σχετίζονται με τον έντονο Τριτογενή συνορογενετικό μαγματισμό της μάζας της Ροδόπης στον οποίο οφείλεται ο σχηματισμός του πλουτωνίτη της Ξάνθης. Το πλουτωνικό αυτό πέτρωμα αποτελείται από βιοτιτικό-κεροστιλβικό γρανοδιορίτη στο μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό αλλά και από μονζονίτη, χαλαζιακό μονζοδιορίτη, μονζογάββρο και γάββρο. Στην περιοχή εντοπίζονται δύο τύποι μεταλλοφοριών: η μεταλλοφορία Fe-Cu-W-Bi τύπου skarn στην επαφή του γρανοδιορίτη με τα γειτονικά μάρμαρα και η μεταλλοφορία που συνδέεται με πνευματολυτικές-υδροθερμικές χαλαζιακές φλέβες πλούσεις σε Mo-Cu-Bi-W, που διαπερνούν τον γρανοδιορίτη. Η μεταλλοφορία τύπου skarn είναι πλούσια σε μαγνητίτη, σεελίτη, βολφραμίτη και σουλφίδια, όπως μαγνητοπυρίτη, σιδηροπυρίτη, χαλκοπυρίτη και σφαλερίτη, και έχει αποτελέσει αντικείμενο εκμετάλλευσης κατά το παρελθόν για την εξόρυξη μαγνητίτη και μαγνητοπυρίτη. Στην μεταλλοφορία αυτή εντοπίζεται και αυτοφυής χρυσός μέσα στον χαλκοπυρίτη και τον σιδηροπυρίτη, ενώ προσχωματικός χρυσός διαπιστώθηκε και στις προσχώσεις των γειτονικών ρεμάτων. Η φλεβική μεταλλοφορία αποτελείται ορυκτολογικά από σιδηροπυρίτη, μολυβδαινίτη, βολφραμίτη και χαλκοπυρίτη εκ των οποίων ο χαλκοπυρίτης και ο μολυβδαινίτης ήταν τα μεταλλεύματα που εκμεταλλεύονταν ως επί το πλείστον κατά τα παλαιότερα χρόνια, όπως διαπιστώνεται από τις υπόγειες στοές και τις υπαίθριες εξορύξεις. Η παρούσα μελέτη σε συνδυασμό με τα δεδομένα από την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία έδειξαν ότι οι μεταλλοφορίες που εμφανίζονται στα Κιμμέρια της Ξάνθης είναι αποτέλεσμα της δράσης της μαγματικής διείσδυσης και την ανάπτυξη υδροθερμικού συστήματος μετά την κρυστάλλωση και στερεοποίηση του μάγματος από το οποίο σχηματίστηκε ο πλουτωνίτης της Ξάνθης, κατά το Ολιγόκαινο.
The present work refers to the study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of the ore mineralization which is associated with the magmatic intrusion of Xanthi in Kimmeria, Thrace. The rocks of the area belong at the geotectonic belt known as Rodope massif and consist of gneisses, amphibolites, mica schists and marbles. The mineralization which was identified in the study area is spatially and temporally associated Xanthi pluton. During Oligocene-Miocene the intense synorogenetic magmatism at the Rodope and Serbomacedonian massifs was responsible fot the formation of numerous plutonic and volcanic rocks in the region. The Xanthi pluton is composed of biotite-hornblende granodiorite covering the greatest part of the intrusive rock, but also of monzonite, quartz monzodiorite, monzogabbro and gabbro. In the area two types of mineralization were identified: an Fe-Cu-W-Bi-bearing skarn type in contact with the granodiorite adjacent with the marbles and a mineralization rich in Mo-Cu-Bi-W associated with pneumatolitic-hydrothermal quartz veins crosscutting the granodiorite. The skarn-type mineralization is rich in magnetite, scheelite, wolframite and sulfides (pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite) and has been exploited in the past to producing magnetite and pyrrhotite. Gold was also identified at the skarn type mineralization within chalcopyrite and pyrite, while alluvial gold grains were also found at the local stream sediments. The vein type mineralization consists of pyrite, molybdenite, wolframite and chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite and molybdenite were the ores exploited in the past, as evidenced by the underground galleries and the restricted surface mining. The present study in combination with the data obtained from the literature, shows that the ore mineralization in Kimmeria Xanthi is associated with the magmatic intrusion and the development of a hydrothermal system which followed the crystallization and solidification of the magma from which the pluton of Xanthi was formed during the Oligocene.
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