Applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology in structural geology

Ioannis Karamitros

Applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology in structural geology

Ioannis Karamitros

Περίληψη

An extensive research was made on LIDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) applications on Geosciences and various point cloud editing methodologies were tested and applied. The methods were applied on data surveyed during the years 2014 and 2015, in the areas of Stavrakia (Crete), Tyrnavos and Gyrtoni (Thessaly), Pidima (Messinia) and Petrified forest of Lesvos. The Stavrakia fault escarpment point data produced results concerning structural analysis and geomorphology. Detailed cross-sections were made, and its escarpment’s morphology was analyzed intensively throughout the surveyed part. The survey of the palaeoseismological trench in Tyrnavos town offered a high density point cloud of a fault plane with millimeter accuracy. The 3D model could isplay even the smallest morphological anomalies of the plane surface creating a very close to real life representation of the fault plane. The analysis of maximum curvature revealed a zone of low values that requires further investigation. A detailed visual representation of the Gyrtoni escarpment was created and its maximum height from its base was calculated. In the Pidima area, the palaeoseismological trench 3D model was able to provide a good visual representation of the target improved greatly by the intensity values. The point classification method was able to effectively clean and edit the point cloud. The structural analysis of the fault plane allowed for a detailed logging of its geometrical characteristics, such as the plane’s dip and dip direction angles, lineament and corrugation size and disposition. Finally, Lesvos scan data was mainly of petrified tree trunks and therefore were used only for methods concerning the creation 3D models. They proved very useful in testing different techniques in order to improve both the accuracy of the representation as well as, visual quality.

Εκτενής βιβλιογραφική έρευνα έγινε πάνω στα συστήματα LIDAR και τους επίγειους σαρωτές laser (TLS) και τις εφαρμογές τους στις γεωεπιστήμες, καθώς και για μεθόδους επεξεργασίας και ανάλυσης νέφους σημείων. Η εφαρμογή των μεθόδων έγινε σε δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν τα έτη 2014 και 2015 τις περιοχές των Σταυρακίων (Κρήτη), Τυρνάβου και Γυρτώνης (Θεσσαλία), Πηδήματος (Μεσσηνία) και του Απολιθωμένου δάσους της Λέσβου. Tα τρισδιάστατα μοντέλα του ρηξιγενούς πρανούς στα Σταυράκια, έδωσαν πολλά στοιχεία για τη γεωμορφολογία του πρανούς και για το χαρακτηρισμό του ως προς τις μορφοτεκτονικές του ιδιότητες, μέσω μορφολογικών τομών που έγιναν κάθετα, κατά μήκος του πρανούς. Η σάρωση της κατοπτρικής επιφάνειας στην παλαιοσεισμολογική τομή του Τυρνάβου πρόσφερε μια λεπτομερή τρισδιάστατη απεικόνιση της με ακρίβεια χιλιοστού. Υπολογίστηκαν τα μορφολογικά στοιχεία και η μέγιστη καμπυλότητα της επιφάνειας, όπου και αποκάλυψαν δομές που χρήζουν περισσότερης διερεύνησης. Η τρισδιάστατη αναπαράσταση της μορφολογίας του ρηξιγενούς πρανούς της Γυρτώνης έδωσε στοιχεία για το ύψος και τη κλίση του πρανούς που θα ήταν πολύ δύσκολο να αποκτηθούν με άλλες μεθόδους. Στην περιοχή του Πηδήματος, η παλαιοσεισμολογική τομή απεικονίσθηκε με μεγάλη ευκρίνεια και σε συνδυασμό με τις τιμές ανακλαστικότητας του φωτός των υλικών που την αποτελούν. Η τομή επεξεργάστηκε γρήγορα και αποτελεσματικά με αυτοματοποιημένες μεθόδους. Η κατοπτρική επιφάνια απεικονίσθηκε και αυτή με τις τιμές της ανακλαστικότητας και εξετάστηκαν οι γεωμετρικές ιδιότητες της, ως προς διάφορες τιμές της καμπυλότητας, τραχύτητας, προσανατολισμού και κλίσης της. Τέλος, από το Απολιθωμένο δάσος της Λέσβου, δημιουργήθηκε μια σειρά τρισδιάστατων μοντέλων πάνω σε απολιθωμένους κορμούς δέντρων και τομές δρόμων με σκοπό τη ολοκληρωμένη απεικόνισή τους για σκοπούς του γεωπάρκου.

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