Διαχρονική μεταβλητότητα των υδρολογικών παραμέτρων και επίπτωση στα αποθέματα υπόγειου νερού σε παράκτιους υδροφορείς

Ελισσάβετ Γαβριηλίδου

Διαχρονική μεταβλητότητα των υδρολογικών παραμέτρων και επίπτωση στα αποθέματα υπόγειου νερού σε παράκτιους υδροφορείς

Ελισσάβετ Γαβριηλίδου

Περίληψη

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή έχει σκοπό τη μελέτη της διαχρονικής μεταβλητότητας των υδρολογικών παραμέτρων και τις επιπτώσεις τους στα αποθέματα υπόγειου νερού σε παράκτιους υδροφορείς, με εφαρμογή στο παράκτιο τμήμα Σωζόπολης-Ν. Φλογητών. Η περιοχή έρευνας έχει έκταση 98.44 Km2 και βρίσκεται στην νοτιοδυτική πλευρά του παράκτιου τμήματος της δυτικής Χαλκιδικής. Έχει μόνιμο πληθυσμό 7842 κατοίκους. Γεωλογικά ανήκει στη ζώνη της Παιονίας, ενώ το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της καλύπτεται από Νεογενή-Τεταρτογενή ιζήματα. Στην περιοχή έρευνας απαντώνται τόσο επιφανειακά υδροφόρα στρώματα στο παράκτιο τμήμα, όσο και βαθύτερα υπο-πίεση στρώματα με μεταβαλλόμενα πάχη. Η τροφοδοσία τους γίνεται πλευρικά από τον καρστικό υδροφορέα που αναπτύσσεται στον ασβεστολιθικό όγκο της Μεγάλης Κατσίκας αλλά και κατά θέσεις που απαντώνται αμμούχες άργιλοι με ψηφίδες και κροκαλοπαγή μικρής συνοχής. Υδροχημικά υπάρχει ποιοτική υποβάθμιση λόγω της έντονης γεωργικής δραστηριότητας, που έχει επιφέρει υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις νιτρικών στο υπόγειο νερό. Λόγω των υπεραντλήσεων τα παράκτια υδροφόρα στρώματα έχουν υφαλμυρίσει, ενώ στο εσωτερικό της περιοχής έρευνας τα γεωθερμικά ρευστά έχουν ανέλθει και έχουν αναμειχθεί με τους επιφανειακούς ψυχρούς υδροφορείς. Από την ανάλυση των μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων και υδρολογικών παραμέτρων φαίνεται να υπάρχει πτωτική πορεία στο ύψος των κατακρημνισμάτων αναλύοντας την χρονοσειρά 1973-2015 όπως και μείωση της πραγματικής εξατμισοδιαπνοής για την περίοδο 1973-2015. Από την επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων του δείκτη υδρολογικής ξηρασίας του Palmer και συγκρίνοντας τις περιόδους 1973-1993 και 1994-2014 φαίνεται ότι η περιοχή έρευνας έχει επέλθει από μια ήπια υγρή περίοδο σε μια ήπια ξηρή περίοδο αντίστοιχα. Λόγω των υπεραντλήσεων και σε μικρότερο βαθμό των κλιματικών μεταβολών, υπάρχει μια εμφανής πτώση στάθμης στην περιοχή έρευνας μελετώντας την περίοδο 1983-2016. Τέλος, από τον συνδυασμό των υδροχημικών δεδομένων και γεωφυσικών διασκοπήσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν, επιβεβαιώθηκε η ύπαρξη του φαινομένου της θαλάσσιας διείσδυσης ενώ εκτιμήθηκε ότι το μέτωπο της φτάνει έως και 1 Km από την ακτή προς την ενδοχώρα.

The aim of this Μaster Τhesis is the long term study of the variability of hydrological parameters and their impacts on groundwater reserves at coastal aquifers, as applied on the coastal part of Sozopolis – N. Flogita. The study area has extends of 98.44 Km2 and is located on the southwestern part of coastal area of western Chalkidiki. It has a population of 7842 citizens. Geologically, it belongs to Paionia zone, and its biggest part is covered by Neogenic and Quaternary sediments. Both surface aquifers, at the coastal part, as well as deeper under pressure layers with changing width, are encountered at the study area, which are hydraulically connected. They recharge either laterally from the karstic aquifer which is formed in the limestone massif of Megali Katsika, but also in positions where sandy clays and conglomerates of low cohesiveness. Hydrochemically there is a qualitatively degradation because of the intensive agricultural activities, which result in high concentrations of nitrate in groundwater. Due to over-pumping the coastal aquifers have been salinized, while in the interior of the study area the geothermal fluids have surfaced and have been mixed with the surface cold aquifers. A decreasing trend in precipitation and real evapotranspiration has been found during the period of 1973 – 2015 according to the meteorological data and hydrological parameters rephrase. From processing results of the hydrological drought index of Palmer and by comparing the periods of 1973-1993 and 1994-2014 it seems that the study area has moved from a mildly wet spell to a mildly dry period respectively. Due to over-pumping, and on a smaller scale of climate change, a clear groundwater level drop has been observed by studying the 1983-2016 period. Lastly, by combining hydrochemical data and from geophysical surveys have been confirmed the phenomenon of seawater intrusion, while the front has been calculated to be as long as 1km from the coastline towards inland.

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΤΥΟ

www.statistics.gr (Ελληνική Στατιστική αρχή)

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov

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