Groundwater flow simulation using the FeFLOW software, for the alluvial aquifer of Kastoria = Προσομοίωση της υπόγειας ροής του αλλουβιακού υδροφορέα της Καστοριάς με τη χρήση του κώδικα FeFLOW.
Περίληψη
Keywords: FeFLOW, PEST, MATLAB, Groundwater Resources Management, EUROCORDEX, Regional Climate Models, RCM, ArcMAP, Kastoria basin, Water District GR 09, Alluvial Aqui-fer, Water Balanc, Groundwater Flow Simulation
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ασχολείται με τη διαχείριση των υπόγειων υδάτων στη λεκάνη της Καστοριάς της Δυτικής Μακεδονίας με την χρήση του πακέτου προσομοίωσης ροής υπογείων υδάτων FeFLOW v.7.2 σε συνδυασμό με το ARCGIS v.10.6 και το MATLAB, τα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τη διαχείριση όλων των δεδομένων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε αυτή τη διατριβή και επίσης στο να προετοιμαστούν τα δεδομένα εισόδου στη δομή και τη μορφή που απαιτεί το FeFLOW. Η βροχόπτωση είναι το κύριο στοιχείο εμπλουτισμού της λεκάνης, όπου μία αντιπροσωπευτική ετήσια τιμή για την πρώτη είναι ίση με 770 mm. Στη λεκάνη της Καστοριάς βρίσκεται ένα εκτεταμένο προσχωσιγενές σύστημα υδροφόρου, το οποίο έχει χειμμαρική προέλευση και τα πρώτα 100 μέτρα αποτελούνται από εναλλασσόμενα στρώματα από χονδρόκοκκα και λεπτόκοκκα ιζήματα μικρής χωρικής έκτασης. Η περιοχή προσομοίωσης αποτελείται από το κύριο σώμα του προσχωσιγενή υδροφορέα ως στρώμα πάχους 100 μέτρων. Ένα τέτοιο περιβάλλον παρέχει μια αβεβαιότητα σχετικά με τις υδραυλικές παραμέτρους, για να απαληφεί ένα μέρος αυτής της αβεβαιότητας χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια στοχαστική προσέγγιση με βάση το PEST. Το μοντέλο ροής των υπόγειων υδάτων ρυθμίστηκε με επιτυχία πρώτα με δοκιμασία προσπάθειας-λάθους και τελικά με το PEST, αποδίδοντας RMSE = 0,758 για ολόκληρη την προσομοίωση. Τα στοιχεία υδατικού ισοζυγίου που παράχτηκαν από την προσομοίωση είναι παρόμοια με εκείνα που παρουσιάστηκαν από προηγούμενες μελέτες. Για να αξιολογηθεί περαιτέρω η εξέλιξη του ισοζυγίου των υπογείων υδάτων στη λεκάνη της Καστοριάς, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα, τριών υποπεριόδων 20 ετών για την περίοδο 2019-2078, των περιφερειακών κλιματικών μοντέλων του έργου EURO-CORDEX project, το οποίο παρέχει την απαιτούμενη υψηλή χωρική ανάλυση για τη χωρική αναπαράσταση της μελλοντικής κλιματικής κατάστασης στην περιοχή μελέτης. Μετά από τη διόρθωση των εξαγόμενων 53 κλιματικών μοντέλων, δέκα από αυτά επιλέχθηκαν και χρησιμοποιήθηκαν περαιτέρω. Η διόρθωση των bias των κλιματικών μοντέλων έγινε με τη μέθοδο linear scaling και τα μηνιαία ιστορικά δεδομένα της περιόδου 1986-2005. Η διόρθωση παρουσίασε βελτιώσεις στα δεδομένα των κλιματικών μοντέλων σε σύγκριση με τα μη διορθωμένα δεδομένα. Το αποτέλεσμα της ανάλυσης είναι ότι η βροχόπτωση θα μειωθεί κατά μέσο όρο 6% ενώ η θερμοκρασία θα αυξηθεί κατά 2,5°C, καθ 'όλη την προβλεπόμενη περίοδο. Με βάση τα επιλεγμένα δεδομένα, προτάθηκαν δέκα σενάρια εξέλιξης των υπόγειων υδάτων του αλλουβιακού υδροφορέα της Καστοριάς. Συνοπτικά τα αποτελέσματα αυτών παρουσιάσαν ότι το επίπεδο των υπόγειων υδάτων θα παραμείνει ως επί το πλείστον το ίδιο. Η στάθμη του νερού της λίμνης της Καστοριάς θα ελλαττωθεί, εάν αφεθεί ανεξέλεγκτη, λόγω της υψηλότερης εξάτμισης, της μειωμένης βροχόπτωσης και της χαμηλότερης πλευρικής εισροής από τον αλλουβιακό υδροφορέα της Καστοριάς παρόλου που η επιφανειακή απορροή θα αυξηθεί ελαφρά. Αυτό θα οδηγήσει σε μείωση της συνολικής απορροής ή εκφόρτισης μέσω του ρέμματος Γκιόλι κατά μέσο ετήσιο όρο των 4.82 x 106 m3 or 9.2%. Τέλος, προτάθηκαν λύσεις για την αντιμετώπιση αυτής της αλλαγής στο υδάτινο ισοζύγιο της υπό μέλετης λεκάνης απορροής.
Λέξεις-κλειδιά: FeFLOW, PEST, MATLAB, Διαχείριση Υδατικών Πόρων, EUROCORDEX, Re-gional Climate Models, RCM, ArcMAP, Λεκάνη της Καστοριάς, Water District GR 09, Αλλουβιακός Υδροφορέας, Υδατικό Ισοζύγιο, Προσομοίωση της υπόγειας ροής
Πλήρες Κείμενο:
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