Προκαταρτική μελέτη του πορφυριτικού συστήματος στο Γερακαριό Κιλκίς = Preliminary study of the porphyry system in Gerakario of Kilkis

Ουρανία Χρήστος Τουμανίδου

Προκαταρτική μελέτη του πορφυριτικού συστήματος στο Γερακαριό Κιλκίς = Preliminary study of the porphyry system in Gerakario of Kilkis

Ουρανία Χρήστος Τουμανίδου

Περίληψη

Το πορφυριτικό σύστημα Cu-Au και η επιθερμική μεταλλοφορία Sb στο Γερακαριό Κιλκίς σχηματίστηκε σε ένα μαγματικό-υδροθερμικό στάδιο που συνδέεται με την μαγματική δραστηριότητα κατά το Μειόκαινο στην ενότητα Βερτίσκου της Σερβομακεδονικής μάζας. Η μεταλλοφορία συνδέεται γενετικά με τον συηνιτικό πορφύρη ηλικίας 22±0.8 Ma. Τα ρήγματα οδήγησαν στην κυκλοφορία των διαλυμάτων και στην απόθεση των μεταλλικών ορυκτών της μεταλλοφορίας. Η μεταλλοφορία είναι κυρίως οξειδωμένη επιφανειακά και παρατηρήθηκε στα μαγματικά πετρώματα (συηνιτικός πορφύρης και γρανοδιοριτικός πορφύρης) και στα γειτονικά μεταμορφωμένα πετρώματα (γνεύσιοι) της ενότητας Βερτίσκου. Ο συηνιτικός πορφύρης εμφανίζει ποτασσική εξαλλοίωση ενώ ο γρανοδιοριτικός πορφύρης έχει υποστεί ποτασσική, σερικιτική και προπυλιτική εξαλλοίωση. Ο γνεύσιος έχει υποστεί στην επαφή με τον συηνιτικό πορφύρη έντονη σερικιτική εξαλλοίωση. Σε όλα αυτά τα πετρώματα διεισδύουν χαλαζιακές φλέβες τύπου A, B και D που περιέχουν περιορισμένη διάσπαρτη και φλεβική μεταλλοφορία σιδηροπυρίτη και χαλκοπυρίτη, κυρίως οξειδωμένη. Στην ανατολική πλευρά του πορφυριτικού συστήματος εντοπίζεται η επιθερμικού τύπου μεταλλοφορία Sb, η οποία φιλοξενείται σε χαλαζιακές φλέβες ανεπτυγμένες σε ρηξιγενείς ζώνες μέσα στον διμαρμαρυγιακό γνεύσιο. Κατά την μελέτη των ρευστών εγκλεισμάτων διαπιστώθηκε ότι μέσα στις φλέβες του πορφυριτικού συστήματος απομείχθηκε αρχικά ένα πρώιμο μαγματικό ρευστό στους 600 έως 1000° C ενώ στη συνέχεια με την πτώση της θερμοκρασίας (380° έως 460° C, με ένα διακριτό μέγιστο στους ~430° C), το ρευστό διασπάσθηκε σε συνθήκες βρασμού σε ένα υδάτινο διάλυμα υψηλής αλατότητας (35,7 έως 45,6% κβ ισοδ. NaCl) και σε ένα διάλυμα αέριας φάσης με μέτρια αλατότητα (14,8 έως 22,0% κβ ισοδ. NaCl) στο σύστημα H2O-NaCl-KCl. Τα ρευστά σχημάτισαν τις χαλαζιακές φλέβες Α και Β τύπου σε πιέσεις που κυμαίνονται από 100 έως 580 bar που δηλώνουν ένα μέγιστο βάθος σχηματισμού της μεταλλοφορίας Cu-Au, 2 χλμ. σε λιθοστατικές πιέσεις. Οι επιθερμικές φλέβες σχηματίστηκαν από ένα διάλυμα χαμηλής έως μέτριας αλατότητας (7,9 έως 10,4 % κβ ισοδ. ΝaCl) με θερμοκρασίες ομογενοποίησης από 280 έως 320° C, με ένα μέγιστο στους 290° C. Το διάλυμα αυτό δημιουργήθηκε κατά την μείξη ενός διαλύματος υψηλής έως μέτριας αλατότητας και μετεωρικού νερού. Οι υδροστατικές πιέσεις υπολογίστηκαν από 65 έως 116 bar, και αντιστοιχούν σε ένα βάθος από 600 έως 1000 μέτρα για τον σχηματισμό της επιθερμικής μεταλλοφορίας αντιμονίτη.

The Cu-Au porphyry and the Sb epithermal systems in Gerakario of Kilkis was formed at a magmatic-hydrothermal stage, associated with the Miocene magmatic activity in the Vertiskos unit of the Serbomacedonian massif. The ore mineralization is genetically linked to the syenite porphyry with an age of 22±0.8 Ma. The faults and fractures controlled the circulation of the fluids and the deposition of the mineralization. The mineralization at the surface is mainly oxidized and is hosted in the magmatic rocks (syenite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry) and in the adjacent metamorphic rocks (gneiss) of the Vertiskos unit. The syenite porphyry exhibits potassic alteration while the granodiorite porphyry has undergone potassic, sericitic, and propylitic alteration. The gneiss is characterized by sever sericite alteration at the contact with the syenite porphyry. Quartz veins of type A, B and D penetrate all these rocks and host restricted disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite mineralization, mainly oxidized. At the east side of the porphyry system there is an epithermal Sb mineralization, which is hosted in quartz veins developed in fractured zones of the gneiss. The study of the fluid inclusions revealed that an early magmatic fluid was initially dissipated at 600 to 1000° C and subsequently the temperature dropped (380° to 460° C, with a discrete peak at 430° C). The fluid was decomposed under boiling conditions in a high saline aqueous fluid phase (35.7 to 45.6 wt% equiv. NaCl) and in a gas phase with a moderate salinity (14.8 to 22.0 wt% equiv. NaCl) in the H2O-NaCl-KCl system. The fluids were trapped in the A and B quartz veins at pressures ranging from 100 to 580 bar. This indicates a maximum depth of 2 km for the formation of the Cu-Au deposit, under lithostatic pressures. The epithermal veins were formed from a fluid of low to moderate salinity (7.9 to 10.4 wt% NaCl) with homogenization temperatures of 280 to 320° C, with a discrete peak at 290° C. This fluid was formed due to the mixing of a high to moderate salinity solution and meteoric water. Hydrostatic pressures ranged from 65 to 116 bar, corresponding to a depth of 600 to 1000 meters for the formation of the epithermal Sb mineralization.

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