[Εξώφυλλο]

Ore Types, Tectonic Control, and Fluid Inclusions of the Olympias Au-Ag-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Carbonate Replacement Deposit, Chalkidiki, N. Greece = Τύποι μεταλλοφορίας, τεκτονική και μελέτη ρευστών εγκλεισμάτων του πολυμεταλλικού κοιτάσματος αντικατάστασης Au-Ag-Pb-Zn της Ολυμπιάδας, Χαλκιδική, Β. Ελλάδα

Christos G. Giapis

Περίληψη


The Kassandra Mining District belongs to the NW-trending Rhodope and Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic provinces and is associated to the Oligocene-Miocene magmatism that led to the formation of different mineralization types. It is located at the east Chalkidiki Peninsula of northern Greece and contains around 12 Moz Au in porphyry and carbonate replacement deposits. Olympias Au-Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic carbonate replacement deposit is located north of the Stratoni fault zone and is hosted into marble of the Kerdylion Unit. Based on arsenopyrite Re-Os ages, mineralization yields an Oligocene-Miocene formation age (26.1 ± 5.3 Ma). The basement rocks of the Olympias deposit area comprise partly migmatitic feldspar-biotite gneiss, including intervals of layered to massive graphite-bearing marble, pegmatite, and fine-grained to aplitic granitic gneiss. A later phase of intrusions exists at the western part of the deposit, with the occurrence of a glomerophyric porphyry dike system. In the Olympias deposit area at least three syn-metamorphic deformation events (D1toD3) have been recorded in the Permo-Carboniferous to Jurassic metamorphic rocks of the Kerdylion Unit and are associated with high grade metamorphism. A later stage of mylonites, semi-brittle shear zones and faults appear to affect and locally overprint the previous structures. Τhe majority of the mineralization appears between these two principal faults. Mineralization consists of eight sulfide-rich ore types with complex space distribution along the deposit. Quartz and calcite are the main gangue minerals, in which fluid inclusion study was held. Mineralization displays a zonation with depth and connection with extensional semi-brittle, mylonitic shear zones. That implies structural influence of the ore formation by a post-metamorphic extensional event which is associated with Oligocene-Miocene magmatism.The Kassandra Mining District belongs to the NW-trending Rhodope and Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic provinces and is associated to the Oligocene-Miocene magmatism that led to the formation of different mineralization types. It is located at the east Chalkidiki Peninsula of northern Greece and contains around 12 Moz Au in porphyry and carbonate replacement deposits. Olympias Au-Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic carbonate replacement deposit is located north of the Stratoni fault zone and is hosted into marble of the Kerdylion Unit. Based on arsenopyrite Re-Os ages, mineralization yields an Oligocene-Miocene formation age (26.1 ± 5.3 Ma). The basement rocks of the Olympias deposit area comprise partly migmatitic feldspar-biotite gneiss, including intervals of layered to massive graphite-bearing marble, pegmatite, and fine-grained to aplitic granitic gneiss. A later phase of intrusions exists at the western part of the deposit, with the occurrence of a glomerophyric porphyry dike system. In the Olympias deposit area at least three syn-metamorphic deformation events (D1toD3) have been recorded in the Permo-Carboniferous to Jurassic metamorphic rocks of the Kerdylion Unit and are associated with high grade metamo

Τα «Μεταλλεία Κασσάνδρας» ανήκουν στις μεταλλογενετικές επαρχίες της Ροδόπης και Σερβομακεδονικής και συνδέονται με Ολιγοκαινικό-Μειοκαινικό μαγματισμό που οδήγησε στο σχηματισμό διαφορετικών τύπων κοιτασμάτων. Βρίσκονται στην ανατολική χερσόνησο της Χαλκιδικής στην βόρεια Ελλάδα και περιέχουν ~12 Moz Au σε κοιτάσματα πορφυριτικού τύπου και αντικατάστασης ανθρακικών πετρωμάτων. Το κοίτασμα της Ολυμπιάδας, αποτελεί ένα πολυμεταλλικό κοίτασμα αντικατάστασης Au-Ag-Pb-Zn βόρεια από το ρήγμα του Στρατωνίου και φιλοξενείται στα μάρμαρα της ενότητας των Κερδυλλίων. Η ηλικία του έχει χρονολογηθεί στα 26.1 ± 5.3 Ma με βάση γεωχρονολογήσεις Re-Os σε αρσενοπυρίτες. Η ευρύτερη περιοχή αποτελείται από γνευσίους ηλικίας Πέρμιο-Λιθανθρακοφόρο έως Ιουρασικό με εναλλαγές γραφιτικών μαρμάρων, πηγματιτών και απλιτικών γρανιτικών γνευσίων. Επιπλέον, μια νεότερη μαγματική φάση, Μειοκαινικής ηλικίας, καταγράφεται από την ύπαρξη πορφυριτικών διεισδύσεων. Στη περιοχή εμφανίζονται τουλάχιστον 3 συν-μεταμορφικές παραμορφωτικές φάσεις (D1 έως D3) που συνδέονται με υψηλού βαθμού μεταμόρφωση. Μια νεότερη παραμορφωτική φάση επηρεάζει τις προηγούμενες δομές και απαρτίζεται από μυλωνίτες, ημι-θραυσιγενείς ζώνες διάτμησης και τεκτονικά λατυποπαγή. Το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της μεταλλοφορίας φιλοξενείται ανάμεσα στα δύο ρήγματα της περιοχής. Η μεταλλοφορία αποτελείται από 8 σύνθετους τύπους που εμφανίζουν διαφορετική αναλογία μεταλλικών ορυκτών και κατανέμονται σε διαφορετικές θέσεις στο κοίτασμα. Ο χαλαζίας και ο ασβεστίτης αποτελούν τα κύρια σύνδρομα ορυκτά των παραγενέσεων, στους οποίους πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη ρευστών εγκλεισμάτων. Η μεταλλοφορία χαρακτηρίζεται από μια ζώνωση με το βάθος και άμεση σύνδεση με τεκτονικές δομές εφελκυστικού καθεστώτος. Αυτό το γεγονός υποδηλώνει ότι η μεταλλοφορία σχηματίστηκε σε ένα μετα-μεταμορφικό εφελκυστικό γεγονός κατά τη διάρκεια του Ολιγοκαινικού-Μειοκαινικού μαγματισμού.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

PDF

Αναφορές


Audétat, A., & Günther, D. (1999). Mobility and H2O loss from fluid inclusions in natural quartz crystals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 137(1-2), 1-14.

Bodnar, R.J. (2003). Introduction to fluid inclusions. In: Fluid inclusions: Analysis and interpretation. Mineral. Assoc. Can. Short Course, 32, 1–8.

Bonev, N., and Dilek, Y., 2010, Geochemistry and tectonic significance of protoophioliticmetamafic units from the Serbo-Macedonian and western Rhodope massifs (Bulgaria-Greece): International Geology Review, v. 52, p. 298–335.

Bonev, N., Burg, J.-P., and Ivanov, Z., 2006, Mesozoic-Tertiary structural evolution of an extensional gneiss dome—the Kesebir-Kardamos dome, eastern Rhodope (Bulgaria-Greece): International Journal of Earth Science, v. 95, p. 318–340.

Bonev, N., Dilek, Y., Hanchar, J.M., Bogdanov, K., and Klain, L., 2012, Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic composition and mantle sources of Triassic rift units in the Serbo-Macedonian and western Rhodope massifs (Bulgaria-Greece): Geo­logical Magazine, v. 149, p. 146–152.

Brun, J.P., and Sokoutis, D., 2007, Kinematics of the southern Rhodope core complex (North Greece): International Journal of Earth Science., v. 96, p. 1079–1099.

Brun, J.P., and Sokoutis, D.,2010, 45 m.y. of Aegean crust and mantle flow driven by trench retreat: Geology, v. 38, p. 815–818.

Burg, J.-P., Ivanov, Z., Ricou, L.-E., Dimor, D., and Klain, L., 1990, Implica­tions of shear-sense criteria for the tectonic evolution of the central Rho­dope massif, southern Bulgaria: Geology, v. 18, p. 451–454.

Burg, J.-P., Ricou, L.-E., Ivanov, Z., Godfriaux, I., Dimov, D., and Klain, L., 1993, Crustal-scale thrust complex in the Rhodope. Structure and kinematics: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, v. 29, p. 71–85.

Burg, J.-P., Godfriaux, I., and Ricou, L.-E., 1995, Extension of the Mesozoic Rhodope thrust units in the Vertiskos-Kerdylion massifs (northern Greece): ComptesRendus de l’Académie des Sciences, v. 320, p. 889–896.

Burg, J.-P., Ricou, L.-E., Ivanov, Z., Godfriaux, I., Dimor, D., and Klain, L., 1996, Synmetamorphic nappe complex in the Rhodope massif. Structure and kinematics: Terra Nova, v. 8, p. 6–15.

Burg, J.-P., 2012, Rhodope: From Mesozoic convergence to Cenozoic exten­sion. Review of petrostructural data in the geochronological frame: Journal of the Virtual Explorer, v. 42, doi: 10.3809/jvirtex.2011.00270.

Christofides, G., D’Amico, C., Del Moro, A., Eleftheriadis, G., and Kyriakopoulos, C., 1990, Rb-Sr-geochronology and geochemical characters of the Sithonia plutonic complex (Greece): European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 2, p. 79–87.

Diamond, L. W., & Tarantola, A. (2015). Interpretation of fluid inclusions in quartz deformed by weak ductile shearing: Reconstruction of differential stress magnitudes and pre-deformation fluid properties. Earth and planetary science letters, 417, 107-119.

Dimitriadis, S., Kondopoulou, D., and Atzemoglou, A., 1998, Dextral rotations and tectonomagmatic evolution of the southern Rhodope and adjacent regions (Greece): Tectonophysics, v. 299, p. 159–173.

Dinter, D.A., 1998, Late Cenozoic extension of the Alpine collisional orogen, northeastern Greece: Origin of the north Aegean basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1208–1230.

Dixon, J.E., and Dimitriadis, S., 1984, Metamorphosed ophiolitic rocks from the Serbo-Macedonian massif near lake Volvi, north-east Greece: Geological Society of London Special Publication 17, p. 603–618.

Eldorado Gold Corporation, 2018, Resources and reserves: www.eldorado­gold.com/assets/resources-and-reserves/.

Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb-Rb-Sr-S-O-C-U-Pb) geochemical investigations of Tertiary intrusions and related mineralizations in the Serbo-Macedonian (Pb-Zn, Sb + Cu-

Mo metallogenetic) province in northern Greece: Unpub­lished Ph.D. thesis, Zürich, Switzerland, ETH Zürich.

Frei, R., 1996, The extent of inner mineral isotope equilibrium: A systematic bulk U-Pb and Pb step leaching (PbSL) isotope study of individual minerals from the Tertiary granite of Jerissos (northern Greece): European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 8, p. 1175–1189.

Gilg, H.A., 1993, Geochronology (K-Ar), fluid inclusion, and stable isotope (C, H, O) studies of skarn, porphyry copper, and carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Ag, Au) replacement deposits in the Kassandra mining district (eastern Chalkidiki, Greece): Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Zürich, Switzerland, ETH Zürich.

Gilg, H.A., and Frei, R., 1994, Chronology of magmatism and mineraliza­tion in the Kassandra mining area, Greece: The potentials and limitations of dating hydrothermal illites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58.

Goldstein, R.H., Reynolds, T.J., (1994). Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals. Soc. Sed. Geol. Short Course 31, 199.

Haines, H.S., 1998, A structural synthesis for sector Vb of the Madem Lakkos polymetallic sulfide deposit—northeast Greece: Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, London, University of London, 81 p.

Hahn, A., Naden, J., Treloar, P.J., Kilias, S.P., Rankin, A.H., and Forward, P., 2012, A new timeframe for the mineralization in the Kassandra mine district, N. Greece: Deposit formation during metamorphic core complex exhumation: European Mineralogical Conference, v. 1, 1EMC2012-742.

Hahn, A., 2014, Nature, timing and geodynamic context of polymetallic min­eralisation in the Kassandra mining district, North Greece: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, London, Kingston University, 351 p.

Himmerkus, F., Zachariadis, P., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D.K., 2005, The mafic complexes of the Athos-Volvi-Zone—a suture zone between the Serbo-Macedonian massif and the Rhodope massif?: Geophysical Research Abstracts, v. 7, p. 10, 240.

Himmerkus, F., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D.K., 2006, Late Pro­terozoic and Silurian basement units within the Serbo-Macedonian massif, northern Greece: The significance of terrane accretion in the Hellenides: Geological Society of London Special Publication, v. 260, p. 35–50.

Himmerkus, F., Anders, B., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D., 2007, Gondwana-derived terranes in the northern Hellenides: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 200, p. 379–390.

Himmerkus, F., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D.K., 2009a, Serbo-Mace­donian revisited: A Silurian basement terrane from northern Gondwana in the internal

Hellenides, Greece: Tectonophysics v. 473, p. 20–35.

Himmerkus, F., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D.K., 2009b, Triassic rift-related metagranites in the internal Hellenides, Greece: Geological Magazine, v. 146, p. 252–265.

Himmerkus, F., Zachariadis, P., Reischmann, T., and Kostopoulos, D., 2011, The basement of the Mount Athos Peninsula, northern Greece: Insights from geochemistry and zircon ages: International Journal of Earth Sci­ences., v. 101, p. 1467–1485.

Kalogeropoulos, S.I., Economou, G.S., Gerouki, F., Karamonou, E., Kougoulis, C., and Perlikos, P., 1989a, The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Stratoni granodiorite and its metallogenetic significance: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, v. 25, p. 225–243.

Kalogeropoulos, S.I., Kilias, S.P., Bitzios, D.C., Nicolaou, M., and Both, R.A., 1989b, Genesis of the Olympias carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Au, Ag) sulfide ore deposit, eastern Chalkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece: Economic Geol­ogy, v. 84, p. 1210–1234.

Kalogeropoulos, S.I., Gerouki, F., and Papadopoulos, C., 1991, Mineralogygeochemistry-genesis and metallogenetic significance of lamprophyres from the Stratoni-Olympias area Kerdilia formation, eastern Chalkidiki: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, v. 27, p. 161–173.

Kilias, S.P., Kalogeropoulos, S.I., and Konnerup-Madsen, J., 1996, Fluid inclusion evidence for the physicochemical conditions of sulfide deposition in the Olympias

carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Au, Ag) sulfide ore deposit, E. Chalkidiki Peninsula, N. Greece: Mineralium Deposita, v. 31, p. 394–406.

Kockel, F., Mollat, H., and Walther, H., 1971, Geologie des Serbomazedo­nischenmassivs und seines mesozoischenRahmes (Nord-Griechenland): GeologischesJahrbuch der BundesanstaltfürGeowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, v. 89, p. 529–551.

Kockel, F., Mollat, H., and Gundlach, H., 1975, Hydrothermally altered and (copper-) mineralized porphyritic intrusions in the Serbo-Macedonian mas­sif (Greece): Mineralium Deposita, v. 10, p. 195–204.

Kroll, T., Müller, D., Seifert, T., Herzig, P.M., and Schneider, A., 2002, Petrol­ogy and geochemistry of the shoshonite-hosted Skouries porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Chalkidiki, Greece: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 137–144.

Kydonakis, K., Gallagher, K., Brun, J.-P., Jolivet, M., Gueydan, F., and Kos­topoulos, D., 2014, Upper Cretaceous exhumation of the western Rhodope metamorphic province (Chalkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece): Tectonics, v. 33, p. 1113–1132.

Kydonakis, K., Brun, J.-P., Poujol, M., Monié, P., and Chatzitheodoridis, E., 2016, Inference on the Mesozoic evolution of the north Aegean from the isotopic record of the Chalkidiki block: Tectonophysics, v. 682, p. 65–84.

Liati, A., 2005, Identification of repeated Alpine (ultra) high-pressure meta­morphic events by U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and REE geochemistry of zircon: The Rhodope zone of northern Greece: Contributions to Miner­alogy and Petrology, v. 150, p. 608–630.

Liati, A., Gebauer, D., and Fanning, C.M., 2011, Geochronology of the Alpine UHP Rhodope zone: A review of isotopic ages and constraints on the geodynamic evolution, in Dobrzhinetskaya, L.F., Faryad, S.W., Wallis, S., and Cuthbert, S., eds., Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism 25 years after the discovery of coesite and diamond:

Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 295–324.

Melfos V., and Voudouris P., 2017, Cenozoic metallogeny of Greece and potential for precious, critical and rare metals exploration, Elsevier, Ore Geology Reviews 89 (2017), p. 1030-1057.

Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Reynolds, T. J., Tsuruoka, S., Bennett, M. M., Skewes, W. B., & Palin, R. M. (2018). Quartz solubility in the H2O-NaCl system: A framework for understanding vein formation in porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, 113(5), 1007-1046.

Moritz R., and Baker T., 2019, Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt: From Mesozoic Magmatics Arcs to Cenozoic Back-Arc and Postcollisional Settings in Southeast Europe, Anatolia, and the Lesser Caucasus: An Introduction, Society of Economic Geologists, v. 114, no. 7, p. 1227-1235.

Mposkos, E.D., and Kostopoulos, D.K., 2001, Diamond, former coesite and supersilicic garnet in metasedimentary rocks from the Greek Rhodope: A new ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic province established: Earth and Plan­etary Science Letters, v. 192, p. 497–506.

Nebel, M.L., Hutchinson, R.W., and Zartman, R.E., 1991, Metamorphism and polygenesis of the Madem Lakkos polymetallic sulfide deposit, Chalki­diki, Greece, Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 81–105.

Neubauer, W.H., 1957, Geologie der blei-zink reichen kieslagerstätten von Kassandra (Chalkidike, Griechenland): Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, v. 102, p. 1–16.

Neubauer, F., 2002, Contrasting late Cretaceous with Neogene ore provinces in the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride collision belt: Geological Soci­ety of London Special Publication, v. 204, p. 81–102.

Nicolaou, M.N., 1964, The mineralogy and micrography of the sulfide ores of Kassandra mines, Greece: Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, v. 16, p. 111–139.

Pe-Piper, G., and Piper, D.J.W., 2002, The igneous rocks of Greece: Stuttgart, Borntraeger, 645.

Pe-Piper, G., and Piper, D.J.W., 2006, Unique features of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of Greece: Geo­logical Society of America Special Paper, v. 409, p. 259–282.

Reynolds, S.J.; Lister, G.S. Structural aspects of fluid-rock interactions in detachment zones. Geology 1987, 15, 362-366.

Richards P. J., 2016, Tectonics and Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt, Special Publication of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 19

Roedder, E. (1984). Fluid Inclusions; Reviews in Mineralogy; Mineralogical Society of America: Chantilly, VA, USA; Volume 12, p. 646.

Siron, C.R., Thompson, J.F.H., Baker, T., Friedman, R., Tsitsanis, P., Rus­sell, S., Randall, S., and Mortensen, J., 2016, Magmatic and metallogenic framework of Au-Cu porphyry and polymetallic carbonate-hosted replace­ment deposits of the Kassandra Mining District, Northern Greece: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 19, p. 29–55.

Siron, C.R., Thompson, J.F.H., Baker, T., Veligrakis T., Camacho A., and Dalampiras L., 2018, Structural controls on porphyry Au-Cu an Au-rich polymetallic carbonate-hosted replacement deposits of the Kassandra mining district, Northern Greece, Society of Economic Geologists, Economic Geology, vol. 113, no.2, p. 309-345.

Siron, C.R., Thompson, J.F.H., Baker, T., Darling R., and Dipple G., 2019, Origin of Au-rich carbonate-hosted replacement deposits of the Kassandra Mining District, Northern Greece: Evidence for Late Oligocene, Structurally Controlled, and Zoned Hydrothermal Systems, Society of Economic Geologists, Economic Geology, vol. 114, no. 7, p. 1389-1414.

Turpaud, P., and Reischmann, T., 2010, Characterization of igneous terranes by zircon dating: Implica­tions for UHP occurrences and suture identification in the central Rho­dope, northern Greece: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 99, p. 567–591.

Van den Kerkhof, A. M., & Hein, U. F. (2001). Fluid inclusion petrography. Lithos, 55(1-4), 27-47.

Voudouris P., Mavrogonatos C., Spry P.G., Baker T., Melfos V., Klemd R., Haase K., Repstock A., Djiba A., Bismayer U., Tarantola A., Scheffer C., Moritz R.,Kouzmanov K.,

Alfieris D., Papavassiliou K., Schaarschmidt A., Galanopoulos E., Galanos E., Kołodziejczyk J., Stergiou C., Melfou M. (2019). Porphyry and epithermal deposits in Greece: an overview, new discoveries, and mineralogical constraints on their genesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 107, 654–691.

Weis, P. The dynamic interplay between saline fluid flow and rock permeability in magmatic‐hydrothermal systems. Geofluids 2015, 15, 350-371.

Wilkinson, J.J., 2013, Triggers for the formation of porphyry ore deposits in magmatic arcs: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, p. 917–925.


Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά

  • Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.