[Εξώφυλλο]

Geology and deformation of the Northern part of the Athos Peninsula, Northern Greece = Γεωλογία και παραμόρφωση του Βορείου τμήματος της Χερσονήσου του Αγίου Όρους, Βόρεια Ελλάδα.

Petros G. Neofotistos

Περίληψη


The Athos peninsula occupies the south-eastern part of the wider Chalkidiki peninsula in Central Macedonia, Greece. It is mainly built up by crystalline rocks belonging to the Serbo-Macedonian massif, traditionally constituting, along with the Rhodope massif, the Hellenic hinterland. The northern part of the Athos peninsula is mainly composed of marbles, initially grouped into the Kerdyllion Unit and biotite gneisses and two-mica gneisses, grouped into the Vertiskos Unit, both units belonging to the Serbo-Macedonian massif, whereas their contact was initially considered as a normal contact. However, amphibolites and ultramafic rocks exist along with the rocks mentioned above, making the geology and relationship between the two units much more complicated. This dissertation reports the results of a detailed mapping and structural analysis of the Serbo-Macedonian massif on the Athos Peninsula. It also includes a complementary study on crystallographic fabrics of mylonites at the contact between the Vertiskos and the Kerdyllion Units. In light of the structural analysis, a number of units are re-interpreted. More precisely, the following map units have been defined: marbles, amphibolite gneisses, biotite gneisses and two-mica gneisses. The marbles, amphibolite gneisses, and biotite gneisses have been grouped in the Kerdyllion Unit, whereas only the two-mica gneisses belong to the Vertiskos Unit. Anatexitic leucogneiss bodies have been found within the rocks of the Kerdyllion Unit, but not in the two-mica gneisses of the Vertiskos Unit, and can be correlated with either the Anatexites of the Kerdyllion Unit or the anatexites-granitic gneisses of the Ammouliani Unit. Ultramafic/mafic rocks exposed in the area are considered as parts of the Therma-Volvi-Gomati complex, belonging to a Mesozoic oceanic crust. Five deformation events D1 through D5 were extrapolated by the structural analysis and its interrelation with previous works, spanning from the pre-Mesozoic to the Late-Eocene. D1 and D2 are hardly seen in the area, due to their thourough overprinting by the dominant fabric, the latter attributed to a Late-Jurassic to Early Cretaceous syn-metamorphic D3 event of amphibolite facies. D3 is associated with isoclinal folding and intense shearing with an overall top-to-the-S sense of shear, which resulted in a mylonitic shear zone at the contact between the Kerdyllion and Vertiskos Units, with the Vertiskos Unit sandwiched between the rocks of the Kerdyllion Unit and the development of a large-scale sheath fold geometry. This event dominated during the Alpine reworking of the Serbo-Macedonian massif in the study area. This Alpine reworking continues during Eocene times with an ENE-WSW compression D4 event, giving rise to asymmetric to inverted folds, co-axially refolding pre-existing fabrics and structures, whereas D5 describes a N-S compression and belongs to the late-Alpine orogenic processes. Additionally, it seems clear that the long-standing view of the contact between the Vertiskos and Kerdyllion Units being at the roof of the uppermost marbles of the Kerdyllion Unit cannot be further considered as a tectono-stratigraphic fact. In summary, our work strongly suggests that the overall structure and tectono-stratigraphy concerning the Vertiskos and Kerdyllion Units is much more complicated than the view provided by the previous geological maps.

Η χερσόνησος του Άθω αποτελεί το νότιο-ανατολικό τμήμα της ευρύτερης χερσονήσου της Χαλκιδικής στην Κεντρική Μακεδονία, Ελλάδα. Αποτελείται κυρίως από κρυσταλλικά πετρώματα της Σερβο-Μακεδονικής μάζας, η οποία, μαζί με τη μάζα της Ροδόπης, συνιστούν την Ελληνική Ενδοχώρα. Το βόρειο τμήμα της χερσονήσου του Άθω αποτελείται κυρίως από μάρμαρα, τα οποία αρχικά τοποθετήθηκαν στην Ενότητα των Κερδυλλίων και βιοτιτικούς και διμαρμαρυγιακούς γνευσίους, οι οποίοι επίσης αρχικά θεωρήθηκαν τμήμα της Ενότητας του Βερτίσκου. Και οι δύο ενότητες ανήκουν στη Σέρβο-Μακεδονική μάζα, ενώ η επαφή τους αρχικά θεωρήθηκε ως κανονική. Παρόλα αυτά, αμφιβολίτες και υπερβασικά πετρώματα συνυπάρχουν με τα προαναφερθέντα πετρώματα, καθιστώντας τη γεωλογία της περιοχής και τη σχέση των δύο ενοτήτων πολύ πιο περίπλοκη. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζει τα αποτελέσματα μιας λεπτομερούς χαρτογράφησης και τεκτονικής ανάλυσης της Σέρβο-Μακεδονικής μάζας στη χερσόνησο του Άθω. Εμπεριέχει, επίσης, μια συμπληρωματική μελέτη του κρυσταλλογραφικού ιστού μυλονιτικών ζωνών στην επαφή των ενοτήτων του Βερτίσκου και των Κερδυλλίων. Μέσω αυτής της μελέτης, κάποιες χαρτογραφικές μονάδες αναθεωρούνται και ερμηνεύονται εκ νέου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, καθορίστηκαν οι ακόλουθες χαρτογραφικές μονάδες: μάρμαρα, αμφιβολιτικοί γνεύσιοι, βιοτιτικοί γνεύσιοι και διμαρμαρυγιακοί γνεύσιοι. Τα μάρμαρα, οι αμφιβολιτικοί  γνεύσιοι και οι βιοτιτικοί γνεύσιοι αποτελούν μέρος της Ενότητας των Κερδυλλίων ενώ οι διμαρμαρυγιακοί γνεύσιοι ανήκουν στην Ενότητα του Βερτίσκου. Ανατηκτικά, λευκογνευσιακά σώματα βρέθηκαν εντός της Ενότητας των Κερδυλλίων, ενώ απουσιάζουν από την Ενότητα του Βερτίσκου,  και μπορούν να συσχετιστούν είτε με τους Ανατηξίτες της Ενότητας Κερδυλλίων είτε με τους ανατηξίτες/γρανιτικούς γνευσίους της Ενότητας της Αμμουλιανής. Τα υπερβασικά/βασικά πετρώματα που εκτίθενται στην περιοχή μελέτης θεωρούνται μέρος του Θέρμα-Βόλβη-Γομάτι συμπλέγματος, το οποίο με τη σειρά του αποτελεί τμήμα ενός Μεσοζωικού ωκεάνιου φλοιού. Από την τεκτονική ανάλυση και τη συσχέτιση με προηγούμενες έρευνες, προέκυψαν πέντε παραμορφωτικά γεγονότα, D1 ως D5, , τα οποία χρονικά εκτείνονται από το προ-Μεσοζωικό ως και το Ανώτερο Ηώκαινο. Τα D1 και D2 τεκμηριώθηκαν μετά δυσκολίας, λόγω της εκτεταμένης επικάλυψης τους από τον κύριο παραμορφωτικό ιστό που χαρακτηρίζει τα πετρώματα της περιοχής μελέτης και αποδίδεται σε ένα συμμεταμορφικό D3 γεγονός, αμφιβολιτικής φάσης, κατά το Άνω Ιουρασικό-Κάτω Κρητιδικό. Το D3 γεγονός σχετίζεται με μια ισοκλινή πτύχωση και μια έντονη διάτμηση με κίνηση προς Ν, η οποία οδήγησε στη γένεση μιας μυλωνιτικής διατμητικής ζώνης στης επαφή των Ενοτήτων Βερτίσκου και Κερδυλλίων και την δημιουργία, παράλληλα, της γεωμετρίας μιας sheath μεγα-πτυχής. Αποτέλεσε το κυρίαρχο παραμορφωτικό γεγονός κατά τον Αλπικό ορογενετικό κύκλο. Αυτός ο Αλπικός ορογενετικός κύκλος συνεχίζεται στην περιοχή μελέτης με το D4 γενονός κατά το Ηώκαινο και σχετίζεται με μια συμπίεση ΑΒΑ-ΔΝΔ διεύθυνσης, δημιουργώντας ασύμμετρες ως ανεστραμμένες πτυχές, οι οποίες επανα-πτυχώνουν ομοαξονικά τους προϋπάρχοντες παραμορφωτικούς ιστούς και τις αντίστοιχες δομές. Το D5 γεγονός περιγράφει μια συμπίεση διεύθυνσης Β-Ν και ανήκει στις ύστερο-Αλπικές ορογενετικές διεργασίες. Επιπλέον, γίνεται ξεκάθαρο ότι η προϋπάρχουσα άποψη της ύπαρξης της επαφής των Ενοτήτων Κερδυλλίων και Βερτίσκου στη οροφή του ανώτερου ορίζοντα των μαρμάρων δεν μπορεί να θεωρείται πλέον δεδομένη, όσον αφορά την τεκτονο-στρωματογραφία της Σέρβο-Μακεδονικής μάζας. Συνοψίζοντας, η παρούσα μελέτη προτείνει μια πολύ πιο περίπλοκη συνολική δομή και τεκτονο-στρωματογραφική διάρθρωση  για τη περιοχή, από αυτήν που υποδείκνυαν προηγούμενοι γεωλογικοί χάρτες.

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Αναφορές


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