Μεταμόρφωση υπερβασικών πετρωμάτων = Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks.
Περίληψη
Η εισαγωγή περιγράφει τις έννοιες πέτρωμα – ορυκτό και γίνεται μια αναφορά στις υποκατηγορίες των πυριτικών ορυκτών, προσδιορίζοντας ταυτόχρονα και τα ορυκτά που αναφέρονται στην εργασία. Αναλύεται σε γενικό πλαίσιο η διαδικασία της μεταμόρφωσης και τα σημεία στα οποία πραγματοποιείται αυτή.
Στο κεφάλαιο 5 αναλύονται οι τύποι των υπερβασικών πετρωμάτων, καθώς και οι χημικές συστάσεις αυτών. Όσον αφορά τη μεταμόρφωση, αρχικά μελετάται η μεταμόρφωση στο MSH σύστημα του χαρτσβουργίτη. Στη συνέχεια, εξηγείται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο μεταμορφώνονται οι αργιλικοί λερζόλιθοι στο CMASH σύστημα. Στο κεφάλαιο 10 περιγράφεται η διαδικασία της σερπεντινίωσης του περιδοτίτη και στο κεφάλαιο 13 η μεταμόρφωση των οφιτανθρακικών πετρωμάτων.
Στο κεφάλαιο 15 γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά του διαχωρισμού της Ελλάδας σε γεωτεκτονικές ζώνες. Τέλος, απεικονίζονται δύο περιοχές της Ελλάδας, όπου παρατηρείται μεταμόρφωση υπερβασικών πετρωμάτων. Οι περιοχές αυτές είναι το νησί Νάξος και το χωριό Λιβάδι.
This bachelor thesis deals with the subject of metamorphism of ultramafic rocks. A rock can be characterized as ultramafic, when its percentage content of SiO2 is smaller than 45%. Metamorphosis is the process, where a rock is altered chemically, minerally and/ or structurally, while remaining in its solid state.
The introduction describes the concepts of rock – mineral and there is a reference of the subcategories of the silica minerals, naming simultaneously the minerals, that will be mentioned in this thesis. The procedure of metamorphism is analyzed, as well as the places where it occurs.
In chapter 5 the types of ultramafic rocks are mentioned, as well as their chemical composition. As far as metamorphosis goes, firstly the metamorphosis of harzburgite in the MSH system is investigated. Then, the way in which the Al – bearing lherzolite is being metamorphosed in the CMASH system is explained. In chapter 10, the process of serpentinization of peridotite is analyzed and in chapter 13 the metamorphosis of ophicarbonate rocks.
In chapter 15, there is a short mention of the division of Greece in geotectonic zones. Finally, two places in Greece are mentioned as an example of the metamorphosis of such rocks. These two places are the island Naxos and the Livadi village.
Πλήρες Κείμενο:
PDFΑναφορές
Baker, J., Bickle, M. J., Buick, I. S., Holland, T. J. B. & Matthews, A., 1989. Isotopic and petrological
evidence for the infiltration of water-rich fluids during the Miocene M2 metamorphism on Naxos, Greece. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 2037-2050.
Brey, G. P. & Kohler, T., 1990. Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites II. New
thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. Journal of Petrology, 31, 1353-1378.
Bucher K., Frey M. (2002) Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks. In: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic
Rocks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Buick, I. S., 1991. The late Alpine evolution of an extensional shear zone, Naxos, Greece. Journal of
the Geological Society of London, 148, 93-103.
Buick, I. S. & Holland, T. J. B., 1989. The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos,
Cyclades, Greece. In: Evolution of Metamorphic Belts (eds Daly, J. S., Cliff, R. A. & Yardley, B. W. D.), Geological Society Special Publication, 43, 365-369.
Buick, I. S. & Holland, T. J. B., 1991. The nature and distribution of fluids during amphibolite facies
metamorphism, Naxos (Greece). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 9, 301-314.
Chernosky, J. V., Day, H. W. & Caruso, L. J., 1985. Equilibria in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O:
experimental determination of the stability of Mg-anthophyllite. American Mineralogist, 70, 223-236.
Danckwerth, P. A. & Newton, R. C., 1978. Experimental determination of the spinel peridotite reaction
in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the range 900-1100°C and Al2O3 isopleths of enstatite in the spinel field. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66, 189-201.
Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J., 1966. An introduction to the rock forming minerals.
Longman Group Ltd. London. 528p.
Evans, B. W. & Frost, B. R., 1975. Chrome-spinel in progressive metamorphism – a preliminary
analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 959-972.
Evans, B. W. & Guggenheim, S., 1988. Talc, pyrophyllite and related minerals. Reviews in
Mineralogy, 19, 225-294.
Evans, B. W. and Trommsdorff, V., 1970. Regional metamorphism of ultrabasic rocks in the central
Alps: parageneses in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr., 50, 481-492.
Frost, B. R., 1975. Contact metamorphism of serpentinite, chloritic blackwall and rodingite at Paddy-
Go-Easy Pass, Central Cascades, Washington. Journal of Petrology, 16, 272-313.
Frost, B. R., 1991. Stability of oxide minerals in metamorphic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy, 25, 469-
Fujii, T., 1976. Solubility of Al2O3 in enstatite coexisting with forsterite and spinel. Carnegie
Institution of Washington Yearbook, 75, 566-571.
Gasparik, T., 1987. Orthopyroxene thermobarometry in simple and complex systems. Contributions
to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96, 357-370.
Gasparik, T. & Newton, R. C., 1984. The reversed alumina contents of orthopyroxene in the
equilibrium with spinel and forsterite in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 85, 186-196.
Greenwood, H. J., 1967. Mineral equilibria in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2. In Researches in
Geochemistry, 2, 542-567. Ed. P. H. Abelson, Wiley and Sons, New York.
Greenwood, H. J., 1971. Anthophyllite, corrections and comments on its stability. American Journal
of Science, 270, 151-154.
Godfriaux, I., 1968. Étude géologique de la région de l'Olympe. Annls. géol. Pays. Hell., 19, 1-284.
Haywick, D., 2008-2009. GY 111 Lecture Notes Metamorphism 4: Metamorphic Facies
Hostetler, P. B., Coleman, R. G., Mumton, F. A. and Evans, B. W., 1966. Brucite in Alpine
serpentinites. Am. Min, 51, 75-98.
Irvine, T. N., 1965. Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator. Part I. Theory. Can. J. Earth Sci., 2,
-672.
Jansen, J. B. H., 1977. The Geology of Naxos. Geological and Geophysical Research No. 1. Institute
of Geological and Mining Research (IGME), Athens.
Jansen, J. B. H. & Schuiling, R. D., 1976. Metamorphism on Naxos: petrology and geothermal
gradients. American Journal of Science, 276, 1225-1253.
Johannes, W., 1968. Experimental investigation of the reaction forsterite + H2O = serpentine + brucite.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 19, 309-315.
Johannes, W., 1969. An experimental investigation of the system MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2. Am J. Sci.,
, 1083-1104.
Katzir, Y., Avigad, D., Matthews, A., Garfunkel, Z. & Evans, W., 1999. Journal of Metamorphic
Geology, Volume 17, Number 3, Blackwell Science Inc.
Li X-P, Rahn, M., Bucher, K., 2004. Serpentinites of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite complex and their
texture evolution. J. Metamorph. Geol., 22:159–177
Lindsley, D. H., 1983. Pyroxene thermometry. American Mineralogist, 68, 477-493.
Lindsley, D. H. & Dixon, S. A., 1976. Diopside-enstatite equilibria at 850-1400°C, 5-35 kbar.
American Journal of Science, 276, 1285-1301.
Liou, J. G., 1973. Sythesis and stability relations of epidote Ca2Al2FeSi3O12(OH). J. Petrol., 14, 381-
Liou, J. G., Kuniyoshi, S. and Ito, K., 1974. Experimental studies of the phase relations between green-
schist and amphibolite in a basaltic system. Am. J. Sci., 274, 613-632.
Lisker, S., 1993. The tectonosedimentary upper units of the Cyclades. MSc Thesis, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem.
Lister, G. S., Banga, G. & Feenstra, A., 1984. Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the
Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geology, 12, 221-225.
Nance, R. D., 1976. The Livadi Mafic - Ultramafic Complex and its Metamorphic Basement, N.E.
GREECE, Darwin College, Cambridge
Page, N. J., 1967. Serpentinization at Burro Mountain, California. Contributions to Mineralogy and
Petrology, 14, 321-342.
Roesler, G., 1978. Relict of nonmetamorphic sediments on central Aegean islands. In: Alps,
Appenines, Hellenides. Report No. 38 (eds Cloos, H., Roeder, D. C. & Schmidt, K.), pp. 480-481. IUGS, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
Sachtleben, Th. & Seck, H. A., 1981. Chemical control of Al-solubility in orthopyroxene and its
implications on pyroxene geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 157-165.
Trommsdorff, V. & Evans, B. W., 1974. Alpine metamorphism of peridotitic rocks. Schweizerische
Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 54, 333-352.
Trommsdorff, V. & Wenk, H. R., 1968. Terrestrial metamorphic clinoenstatite in kinks of bronzite
crystals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 19, 158-168.
Urai, J. L., Schuiling, R. D. & Jansen, J. B. H., 1990. Alpine deformation on Naxos (Greece). In:
Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics (eds Knipe, R. J. & Rutter, E. H.), Geological Society Special Publication, 54, 509-522.
Velde, B., 1967. Si4+ content of natural phengites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 14,
-258.
Winkler, H. G. F., 1967. Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Revised second edition, Springer-Verlag,
New York. 237p.
Yoder, H. S., Jr., 1966. Spilites and serpentinites. Yb. Carnegie Instn. Washington, 65, 269-279.
Ελληνική Βιβλιογραφία
Δημητριάδη, Σ., 1988. Εισαγωγή στην Πετρολογία των Μεταμορφωμένων Πετρωμάτων. Εκδόσεις Γιαχούδη. Θεσσαλονίκη.
Θεοδωρίκας, Σ., 2013. Ορυκτολογία-Πετρολογία. Εκδόσεις Γραφικές τέχνες Μέλισσα. Θεσσαλονίκη.
Θεοδωρίκας, Σ., 2014. Γεωχημεία (5η έκδοση), Θεσσαλονίνη. Εκδόσεις Γραφικές Τέχνες Μέλισσα.
Κορωναίος, Α., 2016. Σημειώσεις Πετρολογίας Πυριγενών Πετρωμάτων. Θεσσαλονίκη.
Κορωναίος, Α., 2020. Σημειώσεις Πετρογένεσης Πυριγενών Πετρωμάτων. Θεσσαλονίκη.
Μουντράκης, Δ., 2010. Γεωλογία και Γεωτεκτονική Εξέλιξη της Ελλάδας. Universal Studio Press.
Θεσσαλονίκη.
Χριστοφίδης, Γ., 2002. Σημειώσεις Ορυκτολογίας Ασκήσεις. Τμήμα εκδόσεων ΑΠΘ. Θεσσαλονίκη.
Διαδικτυακές Πηγές
Lumen Learning Metamorphic Rocks
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-metamorphic-rocks/
Stephen A. Nelson (2018) Earth and Environmental Sciences-Petrology. Tulane University.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/typesmetamorph.htm
Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά
- Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.