Contribution to the taphonomic study of the Lower Pleistocene site Tsiotra Vryssi (Mygdonia basin, Greece): carnivore tooth marks on ungulate bones = Συμβολή στην ταφονομική μελέτη της Κάτω-Πλειστοκαινικής απολιθωματοφόρου θέσης Τσιότρα Βρύση (λεκάνη Μυγδονίας, Ελλάδα): δηκτικά ίχνη σαρκοφάγων σε οστά οπληφόρων.
Περίληψη
In recent years the need for a multivariate approach in the identification of taphonomic agents in Pleistocene localities has been highlighted. The aim of the present study is to identify the main biotic agent responsible for the modifications of large ungulate bones from the late Villafranchian fauna of the Lower Pleistocene locality Tsiotra Vryssi (Mygdonia basin, Greece). For this purpose, the study employs the analysis of skeletal part representation and gross bone damage patterns, as well as tooth mark frequency, spatial distribution, and morphometry. Skeletal part representation and gross bone damage patterns reveal intense ravaging, with a preferential deletion of nutrient dense elements and bone portions (stylopodial epiphyses and tibiae proximal halves). Carnivore tooth marks appear on all limb long bones, with varied spatial distribution and in different frequencies. The frequency of tooth-marking decreases from stylopodials, to zygopodials, and finally metapodials, which are only moderately tooth-marked. Tooth marks dimensions suggest that they were inflicted by a large carnivore. The intensity of bone modification and the bone consumption sequence indicates that the hyaenid Pachycrocuta brevirostris is the most fitting candidate for being the main agent of bone alterations at TSR. This hypothesis is reinforced by the similarities with the late Villafranchian fauna of Venta Micena in Spain, an assemblage interpreted as a bone accumulation and denning site of Pachycrocuta brevirostris. Finally, in order to acquire detailed quantitative data, a high-resolution 3D micromorphological analysis was conducted on selected tooth marks with the use of a confocal profilometer. This is the first time that such an analysis is employed for a Lower Pleistocene assemblage modified by carnivores from Europe and the first one, where Pachycrocuta constitutes the main biotic agent of bone modifications. This database will be a useful tool for future comparative analyses and will contribute to the taphonomic interpretation of other fossiliferous sites.
Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει επισημανθεί η αναγκαιότητα μιας πολυμεταβλητής προσέγγισης όσον αφορά τον προσδιορισμό των παραμέτρων που συνέβαλαν στην ταφονομική ιστορία πλειστοκαινικών θέσεων. Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει ως στόχο τον προσδιορισμό του κύριου βιοτικού φορέα που ευθύνεται για τις τροποποιήσεις οστών μεγάλων οπληφόρων ζώων της πανίδας του άνω Βιλλαφραγκίου από την θέση Τσιότρα Βρύση του Κάτω Πλειστόκαινου, (λεκάνη Μυγδονίας, Ελλάδα). Για το σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιούνται η ανάλυση της αντιπροσώπευσης των σκελετικών στοιχείων, τα πρότυπα καταστροφής των οστών, καθώς και η συχνότητα, η χωρική κατανομή και η μορφομετρία των δηγμάτων σαρκοφάγων. Η αντιπροσώπευση των σκελετικών τμημάτων και τα πρότυπα καταστροφής των οστών αποκαλύπτουν έντονη δράση σαρκοφάγων, με κατά προτίμηση κατανάλωση των πιο θρεπτικών σκελετικών στοιχείων και τμημάτων (επιφύσεις στυλοποδίων και εγγύς μισό κνήμης). Τα ίχνη από δαγκώματα σαρκοφάγων εμφανίζονται σε όλα τα επιμήκη οστά των άκρων, με ποικίλη χωρική κατανομή και σε διαφορετικές συχνότητες. Η συχνότητα των δηκτικών ιχνών μειώνεται από τα στυλοπόδια, στα ζευγοπόδια, και τέλος στα μεταπόδια, τα οποία εμφανίζουν ίχνη σε μέτρια συχνότητα. Οι διαστάσεις των ιχνών υποδηλώνουν ότι προκλήθηκαν από κάποιο σαρκοφάγο μεγάλου μεγέθους. Η σφοδρότητα της τροποποίησης των οστών και η αλληλουχία κατανάλωσή τους υποδεικνύει ότι η ύαινα Pachycrocuta brevirostris αποτελεί τον πιθανότερο κύριο φορέα αλλοιώσεων των οστών στη θέση. Αυτή η υπόθεση ενισχύεται από τις ομοιότητες με την απολιθωμένη πανίδα θηλαστικών του άνω Βιλλαφραγκίου Venta Micena στην Ισπανία, η οποία έχει ερμηνευθεί ως θέση συγκέντρωσης οστών και λημέρι της Pachycrocuta brevirostris. Τέλος, για την απόκτηση λεπτομερών ποσοτικών δεδομένων, πραγματοποιήθηκε τρισδιάστατη μικρομορφολογική μελέτη υψηλής ανάλυσης σε επιλεγμένα δηκτικά ίχνη με τη χρήση ομοεστιακού μικροσκοπίου. Αυτή είναι η πρώτη φορά που μια τέτοια ανάλυση εφαρμόζεται για μια απολιθωματοφόρα θέση του Κάτω Πλειστόκαινου της Ευρώπης, τα οστά της οποίας έχουν τροποποιηθεί από σαρκοφάγα, και η πρώτη, όπου η Pachycrocuta αποτελεί τον κύριο βιοτικό παράγοντα τροποποίησης των οστών. Η παραχθείσα βάση δεδομένων θα αποτελέσει ένα χρήσιμο εργαλείο για μελλοντικές συγκριτικές αναλύσεις και θα συμβάλει στην ταφονομική ερμηνεία άλλων απολιθωματοφόρων θέσεων.
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