Εξώφυλλο

Κλιματική εκτίμηση της εποχιακής πρόγνωσης καιρού στην περιοχή της Ευρώπης = Evaluation of seasonal forecasting over Europe.

Ερρίκος-Μιχαήλ Ανδρέας Μανιός

Περίληψη


Η εποχιακή πρόγνωση προσδιορίζεται ανάμεσα στην βραχυπρόθεσμη μετεωρολογική πρόγνωση και στην μακροπρόθεσμη κλιματική εκτίμηση. Η εποχιακή πρόγνωση διεξάγεται για χρονικό διάστημα από 1 έως 6 μηνών από την αρχική συνθήκη. Διαφέρει από την μετεωρολογική πρόγνωση καθώς αυτή παρέχει λεπτομερέστερες πληροφορίες ως προς τον χώρο και τον χρόνο, αλλά διαρκεί λίγες μέρες. Μετά από μικρό χρονικό διάστημα, η χαοτική φύση της ατμόσφαιρας, περιορίζει την ακρίβεια της πρόγνωσης σε τοπική κλίμακα. Αντίστοιχα, η χαοτική ατμόσφαιρα είναι ένας καταλυτικός παράγοντας για την αβεβαιότητα που παρατηρείται στην μακροπρόθεσμη εποχιακή πρόγνωση. Η έγκαιρη πρόγνωση κλιματικών ανωμαλιών συνεισφέρει σημαντικά σε τομείς σχετικούς με την διαδικασία της παραγωγής, όπως ο πρωτογενής τομέας, το περιβάλλον, όπως διαχείριση υδάτινων αποθεμάτων, αλλά και τομείς της οικονομίας, όπως ο τουρισμός. Στην παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιείται η αξιολόγηση των συστημάτων εποχιακής πρόγνωσης σε σύγκριση με τα δεδομένα reanalysis ERA5, αλλά και η εκτίμηση της αξιοπιστίας των συστημάτων πρόγνωσης ως προς την ικανότητα προσομοίωσης της εποχιακή κλιματικής μεταβολής, με γνώμονα την κλιματική διάμεσο των παραμέτρων της θερμοκρασίας και της βροχόπτωσης. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, το διαφορετικό lead time των μοντέλων δεν παρουσιάζει σημαντικές διαφορές σε κανένα από τα μοντέλα. Όλα τα συστήματα εποχιακής πρόγνωσης παρουσιάζουν ένα διακριτό σήμα υποεκτίμησης του ετήσιου θερμοκρασιακού εύρους στην Ευρώπη, επίσης παρουσιάζεται ψυχρότερη η άνοιξη και θερμότερο το φθινόπωρο. Οι περιοχές με έντονο ανάγλυφο ή σημαντική εναλλαγή ξηράς και θάλασσας εμφανίζουν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές. Για την παράμετρο της βροχόπτωσης δεν προέκυψε κάποιο καθαρό σήμα, με σωστές προγνώσεις να εναλλάσσονται στο χώρο και στο χρόνο. Η περιοχή της ΝΑ Ευρώπης είναι η περιοχή που εμφανίζει καλύτερα αποτελέσματα τόσο για την θερμοκρασία όσο και για τη βροχόπτωση.

 Seasonal forecasting occurs between short-term weather forecast and long-term climate projection. Seasonal forecasting is carried out for a time period of one to six months from the initial condition. It differs from weather forecast, as the last one gives much more spatial and temporal detail, but for a short period in the future. Beyond a few days, the atmosphere's chaotic nature limits the ability to predict precise changes at local scales. This is one of the reasons that meso-scale forecasts of atmospheric conditions present some uncertainty. Early forecasting of potential climate anomalies contributes significantly to sectors related to the production process and the environment, such as agriculture and the management of water resources and water supplies, but also various sectors of the economy, such as tourism. The present study addresses the evaluation of different seasonal climate models based on the accuracy of their temperature and precipitation projection in Europe. Climate models were evaluated by comparing projections with the most recent reanalysis database, ERA5. Furthermore, this study addresses evaluation of seasonal forecast systems predicting climate variability based on the ensemble members hitting precipitation and temperature variation related to climate median According to the results, the different lead time of the models does not show significant differences in any of the models. All seasonal forecasting systems show a distinct underestimation of the annual temperature range in Europe, moreover the spring temperatures are underestimated, and the autumn temperatures are overestimated. Regions with high altitude or significant land-sea alternation show statistically significant differences. For the rainfall parameter no clear signal was obtained, with correct forecasts alternating in space and time. The SE Europe region is the region with the best results for both temperature and precipitation.

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Αναφορές


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