Εξώφυλλο

Συνοπτική μελέτη του φαινομένου του καύσωνα του Ιουνίου-Ιουλίου 2019 στην Ευρώπη = Synoptic study of the heat wave event of June-July 2019 in Europe.

Ελίνα Ανδρέας Μπορίσοβα

Περίληψη


Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται μια συνοπτική μελέτη του φαινομένου του καύσωνα, που σημειώθηκε τον Ιούνιο-Ιούλιο 2019 και έπληξε κυρίως την Ευρώπη και λιγότερο την Ελλάδα. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, οι καύσωνες καταγράφονται συχνά στην Ευρώπη, οπότε αποτελούν αντικείμενο μελέτης πολλών επιστημόνων, αφού διαφέρουν ως προς την ένταση και τη διάρκεια από περιοχή σε περιοχή. Τα επεισόδια καύσωνα έχουν διακριτές επιπτώσεις, όπως είναι οι πυρκαγιές, η επιδείνωση της ανθρώπινης υγείας και η αύξηση της θνησιμότητας. Για αυτούς τους λόγους, στην παρούσα εργασία θα πραγματοποιηθεί πλήρης περιγραφή του φαινομένου του καύσωνα του 2019 στην Ευρώπη. Θα γίνει ανάλυση των υψηλότερων θερμοκρασιών που καταγράφτηκαν, των ημερών όπου σημειώθηκαν αυτές οι θερμοκρασίες, των περιοχών που επηρεάστηκαν, των αιτιών και των επιπτώσεων αυτού του φαινομένου καύσωνα. Επομένως, για την προσέγγιση και την ερμηνεία των συνθηκών αυτού του επεισοδίου του καύσωνα, συνέβησαν τα παρακάτω. Αρχικά, επιλέχθηκαν 36 Ευρωπαϊκοί σταθμοί. Έπειτα, επεξεργάστηκαν και οπτικοποιήθηκαν ημερήσια δεδομένα E-Obs ελάχιστης και μέγιστης θερμοκρασίας από τη βάση δεδομένων του ECA&D (European Climate Assessment & Dataset), με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού GrADs (Grid Analysis and Display System) και του Excel, προκειμένου να παραχθούν οριζόντιοι χάρτες και διαγράμματα για τη χρονική περίοδο από τις 20 Ιουνίου έως 10 Ιουλίου 2019 και θηκογράμματα (boxplots) με κλιματικά δεδομένα για το χρονικό διάστημα 1981-2010. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μετεωρολογικές παρατηρήσεις SYNOP, οι οποίες επεξεργάστηκαν στο Excel, για να σχηματιστούν διαγράμματα που παρουσιάζουν τον δείκτη θερμοκρασίας-υγρασίας (THI, Temperature-Humidity Index) για τη χρονική περίοδο από τις 20 Ιουνίου έως 10 Ιουλίου 2019. Επιπροσθέτως, επεξεργάστηκαν και οπτικοποιήθηκαν ημερήσια δεδομένα ERA5, για να σχεδιαστούν οριζόντιοι χάρτες με τον αεροχείμαρρο στα 300 hPa, με το γεωδυναμικό ύψος στα 500 hPa, με τη θερμοκρασία μαζί με το γεωδυναμικό ύψος στα 850 hPa για τη χρονική περίοδο από τις 23 Ιουνίου έως 4 Ιουλίου 2019 και κατακόρυφες τομές στα ισοβαρικά επίπεδα από 100 hPa έως 1000 hPa για τη θερμοκρασία και την κατακόρυφη ταχύτητα. Στη συνέχεια, δημιουργήθηκαν χάρτες με οπισθοτροχιές αερίων μαζών με τη βοήθεια του μοντέλου HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory). Συμπερασματικά, οι τιμές της μέγιστης ημερήσιας θερμοκρασίας έφτασαν τοπικά τους 40-45°C στη Νότια και Δυτική Ευρώπη και ξεπέρασαν τη μέγιστη θερμοκρασιακή τιμή των κλιματικών δεδομένων των τελευταίων 30 χρόνων (1981-2010). Βρέθηκε ότι η πηγή των αερίων μαζών ήταν η Βόρεια Αφρική, ενώ σημαντικό ρόλο έπαιξε η συνοπτική κυκλοφορία και κυρίως η επικρατούσα αντικυκλωνική ροή. Επίσης, τα θερμά επεισόδια που έπληξαν κυρίως την Ευρώπη τον Ιούνιο-Ιούλιο 2019, θεωρήθηκαν ισχυρά και σχεδόν όλοι οι άνθρωποι αισθάνθηκαν δυσφορία, γιατί ο δείκτης θερμοκρασίας-υγρασίας (THI) ξεπέρασε την τιμή των 80. Τέλος, τα θερμά επεισόδια που έπληξαν την Ισπανία και την Ιταλία, θεωρήθηκαν έντονα και έτσι προκλήθηκε στους ανθρώπους ταχέως μειούμενη ικανότητα εργασίας, διότι ο δείκτης θερμοκρασίας-υγρασίας (THI) ξεπέρασε την τιμή των 84.
Abstract

This dissertation is a synoptic study of the heat wave event, which occurred in June-July 2019 and mainly affected Europe and Greece to a less extent. In recent years, heat waves are often recorded in Europe, so they are the subject of study by many scientists, as they differ in intensity and duration from region to region. Heat wave episodes have distinct effects, such as fires, deteriorating human health and increasing mortality. For these reasons, this study will provide a complete description of the heat wave event of 2019 in Europe. Reference will be made to the highest temperatures recorded, to the days when these temperatures occurred, to the areas affected, to the causes and effects of this heat wave event. Therefore, the following happened for the approach and interpretation of the conditions of this heat wave episode. Initially, 36 European stations were selected. Moreover, E-Obs daily minimum and maximum temperature data were processed and visualized with the help of GrADs software (Grid Analysis and Display System) and of Excel, to produce horizontal maps and diagrams for the period from 20 June to 10 July 2019 and graphs (boxplots) with climatic data for the period 1981-2010. These data were taken from the ECA&D (European Climate Assessment & Dataset) database. Furthermore, SYNOP meteorological observations, which were processed in Excel, were used to form diagrams showing the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) for the period from 20 June to 10 July 2019. Additionally, ERA5 daily data were processed and visualized, to draw horizontal maps with the jet stream at 300 hPa, with the geopotential height at 500 hPa, with the temperature together with the geopotential height at 850 hPa, for the period from 23 June to 4 July 2019, and vertical sections at isobaric levels from 100 hPa to 1000 hPa for temperature and vertical velocity. Subsequently, maps with backward trajectories of air masses were created with the help of HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory). In conclusion, the values ??of the daily maximum temperature reached locally 40-45°C in Southern and Western Europe and exceeded the maximum temperature value of the climatic data of the last 30 years (1981-2010). It was shown that the source of the air masses was Νorthern Africa, while the synoptic circulation and mainly the prevailing anticyclonic flow had an important role. Also, the hot episodes that hit Europe mainly in June-July 2019, were considered strong and almost all people felt discomfort, because the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded the value of 80. Finally, the hot episodes that hit Spain and Italy, were considered severe and thus caused people to experience a rapidly declining ability to work, because the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded the value of 84.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

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Αναφορές


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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

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