Contribution to the study of the Early Pleistocene rhinos from Greece = Συμβολή στην μελέτη των Πλειοκαινικών-Κάτω Πλειστοκαινικών ρινόκερων στην Ελλάδα.
Περίληψη
The present thesis is focused on the systematic study of Rhinocerotidae (Mammals, Perissodactyla), from several Plio-Pleistocene localities in Northern Greece, in comparison with Eurasian taxa. During the Pliocene, European Rhinocerotidae are represented by two genera (Stephanorhinus and Pliorhinus) and in total by four species: P. miguelcrusafonti, P. megarhinus, S. etruscus and S. jeanvireti. The latter two survived within the Pleistocene, along with S. hundsheimensis, S. hemitoechus and S. kirchbergensis, while the genus Pliorhinus became extinct. Another Late Pleistocene European rhino genus is Coelodonta, which however is not recorded in any of the studied localities. A total of ten rhino fossil-bearing localities were studied, ranging from Lower Pliocene to late Lower Pleistocene (about ~1.0 Ma). Most of them are in Mygdonia Basin, including the sites of Apollonia, Riza, Platanochori, Kalamot?, Krimni and Tsiotra Vryssi. Some more material from the Lower Pliocene locality of Allatini, near Thessaloniki, the Lower Pleistocene localities of Libakos and Dafnero in Grevena basin, as well as Volax, in Drama basin is also studied. In summary, 102 rhinoceros specimens were studied and compared (biometrically and morphologically) with material from Plio-Pleistocene Eurasian localities. Apart from Tsiotra Vryssi locality (n= 60 specimens), and Kalamot?-2 (n= 14 specimens) the rest of the fossil sites provide a few rhino material (n<10 specimens), i.e., 1 specimen from Allatini, 2 from Dafnero, 3 from Libakos, 2 from Volax, 7 from Apollonia, 9 from Krimni, 3 from Riza and 1 from Platnochori. The study records the first Greek occurrence of Pliorhinus megarhinus in Allatini and Stephanorhinus cf. hundsheimensis in the localities of Riza, Krimni and Tsiotra Vryssi. Additionally, the last occurrence of S. jeanvireti is recorded in Dafnero site. The species Stephanorhinus etruscus is confirmed from several localities such as Apollonia, Volax, Libakos, Tsiotra Vryssi, and Kalamot? with a chronological range from ~2.3 Ma to ~1.0 Ma. At the beginning of this time frame both S. jeanvireti and S. etruscus were present in Greece, whereas Tsiotra Vryssi material (from 1.78 to ~1.5Ma) indicates the first co-existence of S. etrucsus and S. cf. hundhseimensis in Greece.
Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία ασχολείται με την συστηματική μελέτη των Ρινοκεροτίδων (Rhinocerotidae, Mammals, Perissodactyla), από διάφορες Πλειο-Πλειστοκαινικές απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις της Βόρειας Ελλάδας. Στην Ευρώπη, κατά την διάρκεια του Πλειοκαίνου, η οικογένεια των Ρινοκεροτίδων αντιπροσωπεύεται από δύο γένη (Stephanorhinus και Pliorhinus) και συνολικά από τέσσερα είδη: P. miguelcrusafonti, P. megarhinus, S. etruscus και S. jeanvireti. Τα δύο τελευταία συνεχίζουν να επιβιώνουν και μέχρι το Πλειστόκαινο, μαζί με τους S. hundsheimensis, S. hemitoechus και S. kirchbergensis, ενώ το γένος Pliorhinus εξαφανίζεται. Ένα άλλο Άνω Πλειστοκαινικό γένος είναι το Coelodonta, η εμφάνιση του οποίου δεν έχει καταγραφεί στις απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις της εργασίας. Μελετήθηκαν συνολικά δέκα απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις από το Κάτω Πλειόκαινο μέχρι το άνω Κάτω Πλειστόκαινο (περίπου ~1.0 Ma). Οι περισσότερες βρίσκονται στην Λεκάνη της Μυγδονίας, και περιλαμβάνουν τις θέσεις: Απολλωνία, Ριζά, Πλατανοχώρι, Καλαμωτό, Κρήμνη και Τσιότρα Βρύση. Επίσης, μέρος του υλικού που μελετήθηκε προέρχεται από την Κάτω Πλειοκαινική θέση της Αλλατίνη, στην Θεσσαλονίκη και από τις Κάτω Πλειστοκαινικές θέσεις του Λίβακου, και του Δαφνερού στην Λεκάνη των Γρεβενών. Τέλος, από την λεκάνη της Δράμας, μελετήθηκε υλικό από την θέση Βώλακας. Το υλικό, αποτελείται από 102 δείγματα τα οποία συγκρίθηκαν μορφολογικά και μορφομετρικά με υλικό από Πλειο-Πλειοστοκαινικές Ευρασιατικές θέσεις. Εκτός από τις θέσεις των Τσιότρα Βρύση (σύνολο 60 δειγμάτων) και του Καλαμωτό-2 (σύνολο 14 δειγμάτων), οι υπόλοιπες απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις παρέχουν περιορισμένο αριθμό δειγμάτων προς μελέτη. Έτσι, από την απολιθωματοφόρα θέση της Αλλατίνη υπάρχει ένα δείγμα, από το Δαφνερό δύο, από τον Λίβακο τρία, από τον Βώλακα δύο, από την Απολλωνία επτά, από την Κρήμνη εννιά, από τα Ριζά τρία και ένα δείγμα από το Πλατανοχώρι. Η παρούσα μελέτη καταγράφει την πρώτη εμφάνιση στην Ελλάδα των Pliorhinus megarhinus στην θέση Αλλατίνη, και του Stephanorhinus cf. hundsheimensis στις θέσεις Ριζά, Κρήμνη και Τσιότρα Βρύση? και την τελευταία γνωστή εμφάνιση του S. jeanvireti στην θέση Δαφνερό-3. Η παρουσία του Stephanorhinus etruscus επιβεβαιώνεται σε διάφορες θέσεις (Απολλωνία, Βώλακας, Λίβακος, Τσιότρα Βρύση και Καλαμωτό) με ένα χρονολογικό εύρος από ~2.3 Ma μέχρι ~1.0 Ma. Σύμφωνα με αυτό το εύρος, τα είδη S. etruscus και S. jeanvireti πιθανά συνυπήρξαν στον ελληνικό χώρο για ένα μικρό χρονικό διάστημα γύρω στα 2.3 Ma. Επίσης το υλικό της Τσιότρα Βρύσης υποδεικνύει την πρώτη συνύπαρξη των ειδών S. cf. hundsheimensis και S. etruscus στην Ελλάδα.
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