Contribution of applied geophysics to soil characterization and evaluation in stations of the national acceleration-sensor network = Συμβολή μεθόδων εφαρμοσμένης γεωφυσικής στον εδαφικό χαρακτηρισμό και τεκμηρίωση σε θέσεις του εθνικού δικτύου επιταχυνσιογράφων
Περίληψη
Η ισχυρή συσχέτιση μεταξύ του καταστροφικού αποτελέσματος ενός σεισμού και των τοπικών γεωλογικών συνθηκών αποτυπώνεται ξεκάθαρα σε αρκετές μελετών. Η συσχέτιση αυτή αποτελεί τη βάση για τη διερεύνηση της υπεδάφιας δομής με σκοπό τον εδαφικό χαρακτηρισμό, καθώς η επαρκής γνώση της γεωφυσικής ή/και γεωτεχνικής δομής του υπεδάφους μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αντιμετώπιση του σεισμικού κινδύνου ως ένα βαθμό. Η μέση ταχύτητα των S-κυμάτων των πρώτων 30m του υπεδάφους (VS30) θεωρείται η κύρια παράμετρος για την κατηγοριοποίηση των εδαφών. Παρά την αξιοποίηση της παραμέτρου αυτής από πληθώρα αντισεισμικών κανονισμών, ο υπολογισμός προφίλ ταχυτήτων S-κυμάτων με το βάθος (VSZ) παραμένει μια απαιτητική διαδικασία, ειδικότερα σε αστικά περιβάλλοντα. Οι πιο συνήθεις μέθοδοι για τον υπολογισμό των VSZ περιλαμβάνουν τη χρήση τεχνητών πηγών για τη λήψη σεισμικών καταγραφών είτε μέσα σε γεωτρήσεις (downhole, crosshole) ή στην επιφάνεια της Γης (π.χ. σεισμική διάθλαση, MASW κλπ). Σε κάθε περίπτωση, η εφαρμογή των μεθόδων αυτών είναι δαπανηρή και χρονοβόρα, ειδικά όταν πραγματοποιούνται σε γεωτρήσεις, και η εφαρμογή της σε αστικά περιβάλλοντα περιορίζεται σημαντικά. Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, αξιοποιείται όλο και περισσότερο ο εδαφικός θόρυβος στον εδαφικό χαρακτηρισμό με υπολογισμό των VSZ μέσω της ανάλυσης επιφανειακών κυμάτων παρέχοντας επίσης πληροφορίες για την απόκριση των επιφανειακών σχηματισμών στη σεισμική κίνηση. Ο κύριος στόχος αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο προσδιορισμός συγκεκριμένης μεθοδολογίας για εκτίμηση 1D VSZ προφίλ από αντιστροφή καμπυλών HVSR, και τον προσδιορισμό της VS30 για χρήση στον εδαφικό χαρακτηρισμό. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκε διερεύνηση της αντιστροφής καμπύλης HVSR εδαφικού θορύβου από καταγραφές ενός σταθμού για 1D δομή VSZ. Η αντιστροφή των καμπυλών HVSR βασίστηκε στη θεωρία Diffuse Field Assumption (DFA) που προτάθηκε από τους Sánchez-Sesma, et al., 2011 στην οποία βασίζεται η συσχέτιση μεταξύ του HVSR και των συναρτήσεων Green του μέσου διάδοσης. Ενώ η συλλογή καταγραφών εδαφικού θορύβου είναι σημαντικά οικονομική, η αντιστροφή HVSR εμπίπτει στο πρόβλημα της μη-μοναδικότητας της λύσης. Για την αντιμετώπιση του οποίου πραγματοποιήθηκε εφαρμογή γεωφυσικών μεθόδων επιφανείας για τη δημιουργία ενός αξιόπιστου αρχικού μοντέλου. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε διερεύνηση αξιοποίησης αυτού του μοντέλου και η επινόηση στρατηγικής αντιστροφής. Η μεθοδολογία εφαρμόσθηκε σε 6 θέσεις του εθνικού δικτύου επιταχυνσιογράφων στην πόλη της Θεσσαλονίκης (Β. Ελλάδα), με διαφορετικές γεωλογικές συνθήκες. Οι γεωφυσικές μέθοδοι που εφαρμόσθηκαν είναι η Τομογραφία Ηλεκτρικής Αντίστασης (ERT) για την αναγνώριση υπεδάφιων στρωμάτων βάσει της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, καθώς και οι μέθοδοι της σεισμικής διάθλασης και της Πολυκαναλικής Ανάλυσης Επιφανειακών Κυμάτων (MASW) για την απόκτηση επιφανειακών προφίλ σεισμικών ταχυτήτων. Η τεχνική δικτύου εδαφικού θορύβου εφαρμόσθηκε για να παράξει μεγάλο αριθμό καμπυλών HVSR και να αποτελέσει μια αξιόπιστη σύγκριση με το τελικό αποτέλεσμα της αντιστροφής HVSR. Η αξιοπιστία των 1D VSZ προφίλ επιβεβαιώθηκε συγκρίνοντας τα με προφίλ VSZ από υπάρχουσες downhole και από το δίκτυο εδαφικού θορύβου. Επιπλέον, εξάχθηκαν τιμές VS30 για την κατηγοριοποίηση κάθε θέσης με βάση του κανονισμούς του Ευρωκώδικα 8. Τέλος, δημιουργήθηκαν συνθετικές καταγραφές εδαφικού θορύβου με βάση την τελική δομή που προέκυψε από την αντιστροφή HVSR σε κάθε θέση. Συνθετικές καμπύλες HVSR συγκρίθηκαν επιτυχώς με καμπύλες εδαφικού θορύβου και HVSR καταγραφών σεισμών σε κάθε θέση, επιβεβαιώνοντας την τελική δομή.
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