Critical and rare metals in Tertiary magmatic-hydrothermal deposits at the Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province in Greece (Vathi, Gerakario, Laodikino, Kolchiko, Aspra Chomata) = Τα κρίσιμα και σπάνια μέταλλα σε Τριτογενή μαγματικά-υδροθερμικά κοιτάσματα της Σερβο-Μακεδονικής μεταλλογενετικής επαρχίας στην Ελλάδα (Βάθη, Γερακαριό, Λαοδικηνό, Κολχικό, Άσπρα Χώματα).
Περίληψη
The present doctoral thesis investigates the critical and rare metals distribution in selected Cenozoic deposits located in the Serbo-Macedonian and Rhodope metallogenic provinces in northeastern Greece. The study is focused on the deposits of Vathi, Gerakario, Laodikino and Kolchiko (Kilkis ore district), as well as in Aspra Chomata (Kassandra mining district, NE Chalkidiki). The mineralogy, geochemistry and mineral chemistry of selected mineralized samples, reveal enrichment in critical and rare metals including Ag, Au, Bi, Ce, Co, Ga, Gd, Ge, In, La, Nb, Nd, Se, Sm, Ta, Te, Th, U and W. Emphasis is given on the distribution, abundance and correlation of critical and rare metals among the different hydrothermal alteration styles and mineralization stages. The deliverables of this study promote the knowledge on the metallogenic framework of northern Greece by sharing new data on critical and rare metals distribution and emphasizing on Au-Bi-Te-metallogeny. Specific enrichments in critical and rare metals reflect varying physicochemical conditions during mineralizing processes. In the Vertiskos Unit, the presence of Oligocene-Miocene porphyry-epithermal systems is ascribed to extensional tectonics and is characterized by enrichments in Au-Bi-Co-Sb-Se-Te-W-REE. The early Cenozoic (?) to Miocene veins hosted in metamorphic rocks are delineated by transpressional to transtensional tectonics and are enriched in Ag-Au-Bi-Cd-Hg-In-Sb-Se-Te-W.
Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διερευνά την κατανομή των κρίσιμων και σπάνιων μετάλλων σε επιλεγμένα Καινοζωικά κοιτάσματα τα οποία εντοπίζονται στις μεταλλογενετικές επαρχίες της Σερβο-Μακεδονικής και της Ροδόπης στην βορειοανατολική Ελλάδα. Η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται σε κοιτάσματα που εντοπίζονται στις περιοχές Βάθη, Γερακαριό, Λαοδικηνό και Κολχικό (κοιτασματολογική περιοχή του Κιλκίς) και στα Άσπρα Χώματα (μεταλλευτική περιοχή "Μεταλλεία Κασσάνδρας", ΒΑ Χαλκιδική). Η ορυκτολογική, γεωχημική και ορυκτοχημική μελέτη επιλεγμένων δειγμάτων της κάθε μεταλλοφορίας αποκαλύπτει έναν εμπλουτισμό σε κρίσιμα και σπάνια μέταλλα όπως Ag, Au, Bi, Ce, Co, Ga, Gd, Ge, In, La, Nb, Nd, Se, Sm, Ta, Te, Th, U και W. Έμφαση δίνεται στην κατανομή, την αφθονία και την συσχέτιση μεταξύ των κρίσιμων και σπάνιων μετάλλων, των διαφορετικών σταδίων μεταλλοφορίας και των υδροθερμικών εξαλλοιώσεων. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης προωθούν την γνώση επί του μεταλλογενετικού πλαισίου στην βόρεια Ελλάδα προσθέτοντας νέα στοιχεία σχετικά με την παρουσία και την κατανομή των κρίσιμων και σπάνιων μετάλλων στις υπό μελέτη μεταλλοφορίες. Συγκεκριμένοι εμπλουτισμοί σε κρίσιμα και σπάνια μέταλλα αντανακλούν μεταβολές στις φυσικοχημικές συνθήκες που επικρατούσαν κατά τις μεταλλογενετικές διεργασίες. Έμφαση δίνεται στην μεταλλογένεση του Au-Bi-Te. Στην Ενότητα Βερτίσκου, τα πορφυριτικά-επιθερμικά συστήματα Ολιγοκαινικής-Μειοκαινικής ηλικίας σχηματίστηκαν σε καθεστώς εκτατικής τεκτονικής και φέρουν εμπλουτισμούς σε Au-Bi-Co-Sb-Se-Te-W-REE. Οι μεταλλοφόρες φλέβες Κάτω Καινοζωικής (?) - Μειοκαινικής ηλικίας που φιλοξενούνται σε μεταμορφωμένα πετρώματα σχετίζονται με πλάγιο-συμπιεστική (transpressional) και πλάγιο-εκτατική (transtensional) τεκτονική και είναι εμπλουτισμένες σε Ag-Au-Bi-Cd-Hg-In-Sb-Se-Te-W.
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