Κατανομή και συστηματική ταξινόμηση των βενθονικών τρεηματοφόρων από τα παράκτια περιβάλλοντα της Ζανζιβαρης (Τανζανία) = Distribution and sestematic classification of benthic foraminifera from thw coastal environments of Zanzibar.
Περίληψη
Πρόκειται για μονοκύτταρους ευκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς και συντελούν την σπουδαιότερη ομάδα μικροαπολιθωμάτων λόγω του ιδιαίτερου μηχανισμού τους και της συνεισφοράς τους ως δείκτες περιβαλλοντολογικής υγείας. Οι περιβαλλοντικοί στρεσογόνοι παράγοντες οδηγούν σε γρήγορες αλλαγές στη δομή των τρηματοφόρων. Eίναι τα πρώτα που επηρεάζονται και μετά ακολουθεί ο ύφαλος. Επομένως μπορούν να μας δώσουν πληροφορίες για την κατάσταση του υφάλου.
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως αντικείμενο την κατανομή και συστηματική ταξινόμηση των βενθονικών τρηματοφόρων από τα παράκτια περιβάλλοντα της Zανζιβάρης.
Πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα σε πέντε παράκτιες περιοχές, ώστε να παραλαμβάνεται όλο το φάσμα των διαφορετικών περιβαλλοντικών ενδιαιτημάτων της Ζανζιβάρης, με στόχο τη διαφοροποίηση τους οικολογικά, φυσικο-γεωγραφικά καθώς και για να προσδιοριστεί ο βαθμός των ανθρωπογενών επιδράσεων στις επιμέρους περιοχές δειγματοληψίας.
Πραγματοποιήθηκαν δειγματοληψίες από τα ανώτερα 2 cm του επιφανειακού ιζήματος πυθμένα, σε κάθε περιοχή. Συνολικά συλλέχθηκαν 582 τρηματοφόρα, που ταξινομήθηκαν σε 33 είδη που ανήκουν σε 21 γένη. Τα επικρατέστερα είδη που εντοπίστηκαν στη παρούσα μελέτη είναι τα Αmphistegina spp., Elphidium spp., Miniasina sp., Heterostegina sp., Haddonia spp., τα miliolids, τα textulariids και rotaliids. Οι συναθροίσεις των τρηματοφόρων παρουσιάζουν διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ των περιοχών δειγματοληψίας λόγω της διαφορετικής μορφολογίας τους καθώς και των διαφορετικών περιβαλλοντικών και ανθρωπογενών επιδράσεων.
Εφαρμόστηκαν δείκτες περιβαλλοντικής υγείας και συγκεκριμένα ο δείκτης FΟRAM, o oποίος φανέρωσε μια γενικά καλή κατάσταση των υφάλων όμως προκαλεί την ανησυχία για μελλοντική υποβάθμιση της ποιότητας των υδάτων.
Zanzibar is the richest reef ecosystem along the east coast of Africa. These reefs have been identified as a valuable resource for the lives of coastal inhabitants. They play an important role in the economy, tourism, fisheries and coastal protection. Nowadays, reefs are experiencing intense stress and pressure from environmental changes and in particular human impact. The benthic foraminifera that occur in large numbers in the area are important environmental indicators.
They are unicellular eukaryotic organisms and constitute the most important group of microfossils because of their special mechanism and their contribution as indicators of environmental health. Environmental stressors lead to rapid changes in the structure of the foraminifera. They are the first to be affected, followed by the reef. They can therefore give us information about the health condition of the reef.
This thesis focuses on the distribution and systematic classification of benthic shelf reefs from the coastal environments of Zanzibar.
A survey was carried out in five coastal areas in order to capture the full range of the different environmental habitats of Zanzibar, with the aim of differentiating them ecologically, physico-geographically and to determine the degree of anthropogenic impact on the individual sampling areas.
Sampling was carried out from the top 2 cm of the surface sediment bottom in each area. A total of 582 foraminifera were collected, classified into 33 species belonging to 21 genera. The most predominant species identified in this study are Amphistegina spp., Elphidium spp., Miniasina sp., Heterostegina sp., Haddonia spp., miliolids, textulariids and rotaliids. The assemblages of foraminifera show variation among the sampling areas due to their different morphology and different environmental and anthropogenic influences.
Environmental health indicators were applied, in particular the FORAM index, which revealed a generally good condition of the reefs but raised concerns about future water quality degradation.
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