Εξώφυλλο

Ορυκτολογική και ορυκτοχημική μελέτη των πλουσίων σε σπάνιες γαίες (REE) μαύρων άμμων σε παραλίες του Νομού Καβάλας = Mineralogical and mineral chemistry of the REE-rich black sands in beaches of the Kavala district, Northern Greece.

Ευτυχία Αργύριος Περιστερίδου

Περίληψη


Οι προσχωματικές εμφανίσεις μαύρων άμμων της παράκτιας περιοχής του Νομού Καβάλας, στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα, μεταξύ άλλων περιέχουν ορυκτά των σπανίων γαιών (Rare Earth Elements-REE). Οι εμφανίσεις αυτές αποτελούνται από μαύρους ορίζοντες, επιφανειακά ή σε μικρά βάθη (<0,5 μ), με βαριά ορυκτά που προέρχονται κυρίως από την αποσάθρωση και την διάβρωση του πλουτωνίτη της Καβάλας (Συμβόλου). Ο πλουτωνίτης της Καβάλας διείσδυσε στο μεταμορφωμένο υπόβαθρο της Μάζας της Ροδόπης, στο Μειόκαινο, και εμφανίζεται κατά μήκος ενός κανονικού ρήγματος (που παλαιότερα ήταν ένα ρήγμα αποκόλλησης) στις ακτές του Βορείου Αιγαίου.
Έξι δείγματα μαύρων άμμων συλλέχθηκαν από τις παραλίες πλησίον του πλουτωνίτη της Καβάλας, κατά μήκος μιας απόστασης 40 χιλιομέτρων που εκτείνεται από τον Στρυμονικό κόλπο έως τον όρμο των Ελευθερών στο Νομό Καβάλας. Το κλάσμα των βαριών ορυκτών που προέκυψε από τον εμπλουτισμό των δειγμάτων με τη χρήση μαγνητικού διαχωρισμού, περιλαμβάνει τα ορυκτά αμφίβολος, επίδοτο, αιματίτης, γκαιτίτης, μαρμαρυγίας, αλλανίτης, γρανάτης, τιτανίτης, ζιρκόνιο, μοναζίτης, ιλμενίτης, ρουτίλιο, μαγνητίτης, χλωρίτης και θορίτης.
Η ορυκτολογική εξέταση με XRD και οι μικρο-αναλύσεις με SEM-EDS, έδειξαν ότι, ο αλλανίτης-(Ce) είναι το κύριο ορυκτό των σπανίων γαιών και εμφανίζεται σε όλα τα δείγματα σε ποσοστό 1-2 κβ. % στο ολικό δείγμα και 2-5 κβ. % στο μαγνητικό κλάσμα. Το επίδοτο (4-10 κβ. % ολικό δείγμα, 6-38 κβ. % μαγνητικό κλάσμα) και ο μοναζίτης-(Ce), -(La) (έως 2 κβ. % στο μαγνητικό κλάσμα) συνεισφέρουν σε μικρότερο βαθμό στο περιεχόμενο σε REE, λόγω της χαμηλής περιεκτικότητάς τους ή της επουσιώδους παρουσίας τους, αντίστοιχα.
Η συνολική περιεκτικότητα του αλλανίτη-(Ce) σε σπάνιες γαίες είναι 14,77-23,41 κβ. % με το δημήτριο να υπερτερεί έναντι των υπόλοιπων REE (La, Nd, Eu, Y). Ο αλλανίτης-(Ce) μεταπίπτει σε φερριαλλανίτη-(Ce) που περιέχει Fe3+ (>0,5 κβ. %) στο κρυσταλλικό του πλέγμα. Οι διακυμάνσεις στη φωτεινότητα του εσωτερικού των κρυστάλλων του αλλανίτη και του επιδότου στις εικόνες οπισθοσκεδαζόμενων ηλεκτρονίων στο ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης (SEM-BSE), υποδηλώνουν την μεταβολή σε REE, Th και U, με την παρουσία στερεών ορυκτών φάσεων μεταξύ των ακραίων μελών του αλλανίτη και του επιδότου.
Οι τυπικοί κρύσταλλοι αλλανίτη μαγματικής προέλευσης παρουσιάζουν έκπλυση των REE από τον πυρήνα προς το εξωτερικό, με τον αλλανίτη-(Ce) στον πυρήνα σταδιακά να μεταπίπτει σε πλούσιο σε REE επίδοτο και τελικά σε επίδοτο στην περιφέρεια. Συχνά ο αλλανίτης-(Ce) εμφανίζει στις εικόνες SEM-BSE ανομοιογενείς εσωτερικούς χρωματισμούς, με ακανόνιστα όρια, που δείχνουν την έκπλυση των REE του αλλανίτη-(Ce), από τη δράση υδροθερμικών ρευστών που διεισδύουν μέσω των διακλάσεων στο εσωτερικό των κόκκων.
Η χημική ισορροπία επιτυγχάνεται ακολουθώντας το μηχανισμό: (Ca + (Fe3+, Al))−1 (LREE, Y, Th, U + (Fe2+, Mg, Mn))+1. Ο χημικός τύπος που προκύπτει από τη μέση τιμή των μικρο-αναλύσεων των αλλανιτών από τις μαύρες άμμους στις παραλίες του Νομού Καβάλας είναι:
(REE0,597Ca1,360Th0,047U0,002)(Al1,732Fe2+0,443Fe3+0,620Mn0,052Mg0,154)(Si2,962Al0,038O12)(OH). Τα επίδοτα μπορεί επίσης να περιέχουν REE3+. Ο μοναζίτης και ο θορίτης βρίσκονται σαν εγκλείσματα στον αλλανίτη-(Ce) και είναι πλούσιοι σε Ce, La και Nd, μαζί με Th και U. Ορισμένα ζιρκόνια είναι εμπλουτισμένα σε Hf, ενώ μερικοί τιτανίτες περιέχουν Nb και V.

The alluvial deposits of black sands of the coastal area of Kavala Prefecture, in Northern Greece, contain, among others, minerals enriched in rare earths (Rare Earth Elements-REE). These occurrences consist of black horizons, on the surface or at shallow depths (<0.5 m), with heavy minerals, derived mainly from the disintegration and erosion of the Kavala (Symvolon) pluton. This pluton intruded the metamorphic basement during Miocene and is situated along a normal fault (a previously detachment fault) at the coast of North Aegean Sea.
Six samples from black sands were collected at different locations over a 40 km long distance that extends from the Strymonikos gulf to the Eleftheres bay, adjacent to the Kavala pluton outcrops. The heavy mineral fraction of the black sands, derived from the enrichment with a magnetic separator, includes the minerals amphibole, epidote, hematite, goethite, mica, allanite, garnet, titanite, zircon, monazite, ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, chlorite and thorite.
The mineralogical examination with XRD and the micro-analyses with SEM-EDS, showed that allanite-(Ce) is the main mineral of the REE and appears in all samples at a percentage of 1-2 wt% in the total sample and 2-5 wt% in the magnetic fraction sample. Epidote (4-10 wt% in the total sample, 6-38 wt% in the magnetic fraction sample) and monazite-(Ce), -(La) (up to 2 wt% in the magnetic fraction sample) contribute to a lesser extent in the REE content, because of their low REE content or their insignificant presence, respectively.
The total content of allanite-(Ce) in REE is 14.77-23.41 wt%, with Ce predominating over the rest of the REE (La, Nd, Eu, Y). Allanite-(Ce) transitions into ferriallanite-(Ce), which is characterized by significant involvement of Fe3+ (>0.5 wt%) in the crystal lattice. The SEM-BSE images demonstrate variations in brightness within a single crystal, indicating variances in the REE, Th and U content of solid solution phases between allanite and epidote end-members.
The typical allanite crystals of magmatic origin display a REE leaching from core to the rim; allanite-(Ce) occurs as core that progressively lapses into REE-rich epidote and finally to epidote in the rims. A common illustration of allanite-(Ce) in the SEM-BSE images reveals patchy internal textures, displaying darker and lighter gray domains with irregular limits that are ascribed to REE leaching of allanite-(Ce) because of the penetration of hydrothermal fluids along the grain fractures.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

PDF

Αναφορές


Aggelatou, V., Papamanoli, S., Stouraiti, C. & Papavasileiou, K. (2018). REE distributions in the black sands of Kavala coastal zone, northern Greece: Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of beneficiation products. In Proceedings of the 1st International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science, virtual, 16-31 July 2018.

Armbruster, T., Bonazzi, P., Akasaka, M., Bermanec, V., Chopin, C., Gieré, R., Heuss-Assichler, S., Liebscher, A., Menchetti, S., Pan, M. & Pasero, M. (2006). Recommended nomenclature of epidote-group minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18(5), 551-567.

Arvaniditis, N., & Goodenough, K. (2014). Unlocking the potential of rare earth resources in Europe. In Proceedings of the 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference, Milos, Greece, 4-7 Sept 2014, 48-56.

Barakos, G., Mischo, H., & Gutzmer, J. (2016). An outlook on the rare earth elements mining industry. AusIMM Bulletin, (Apr), 62-66.

Barakos, G., Mischo, H., & Gutzmer, J. (2018). A forward look into the US rare-earth industry; how potential mines can connect to the global REE market. Min Eng, 30-37.

Bárdossy G. (1982) “Karst Bauxites, Bauxite Deposits on Carbonate Rocks”. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 14, 441.

Bea, F. (1996). Residence of REE, Y, Th and U in granites and crustal protoliths; implications for the chemistry of crustal melts. Journal of petrology, 37(3), 521-552.

Bea, F. (2015). Geochemistry of the lanthanide elements. XXXV Reunión de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 30 de junio al 3 de julio de 2015. Huelva, Spain.

Beniest, A., Brun, J. P., Smit, J., Deschamps, R., Hamon, Y., Crombez, V., & Gorini, C. (2015, April). Structure and seismic stratigraphy of deep Tertiary basins in the northern Aegean Sea. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 746.Bonsall, T. A., Spry, P. G., Voudouris, P. C., Tombros, S., Seymour, K. S., & Melfos, V. (2011). The geochemistry of carbonate-replacement Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in the Lavrion district, Attica, Greece: Fluid inclusion, stable isotope, and rare earth element studies. Economic Geology, 106(4), 619-651.

Brun, J. P., & Sokoutis, D. (2007). Kinematics of the southern Rhodope core complex (North Greece). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96(6), 1079-1099.

Brun, J. P., & Sokoutis, D. (2018). Core complex segmentation in North Aegean, a dynamic view. Tectonics, 37(6), 1797-1830.

Brun, J. P., Faccenna, C., Gueydan, F., Sokoutis, D., Philippon, M., Kydonakis, K., & Gorini, C. (2016). The two-stage Aegean extension, from localized to distributed, a result of slab rollback acceleration. Canadian journal of earth sciences, 53(11), 1142-1157.

Burg, J. P. (2012). Rhodope: From Mesozoic convergence to Cenozoic extension. Review of petro-structural data in the geochronological frame. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 42(1), 1-44.

Burg, J. P., Ricou, L. E., Ivano, Z., Godfriaux, I., Dimov, D., & Klain, L. (1996). Syn‐metamorphic nappe complex in the Rhodope Massif. Structure and kinematics. Terra Nova, 8(1), 6-15.

Castor, S. B., & Hedrick, J. B. (2006). Rare earth elements. Industrial minerals and rocks: commodities, Markets, and Uses, vol. 7, Society for Mining Mineralogy, United States, pp. 769-792.

Chakhmouradian, A. R., & Wall, F. (2012). Rare earth elements: minerals, mines, magnets (and more). Elements, 8(5), 333-340.

Chen, W. T., & Zhou, M. F. (2014). Ages and compositions of primary and secondary allanite from the Lala Fe-Cu deposit, SW China: implications for multiple episodes of hydrothermal events. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 168(2), 1-20.

Chi, R. A., Tian, J., Luo, X. P., Xu, Z. G., & He, Z. Y. (2012). The basic research on the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering, 3(4), 1-13.

Chiotis, E. D. (1984). A Middle Miocene thermal event in northern Greece confirmed by coalification measurements. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1), 815-818.

Christofides, G., Neiva, A. M. R., Soldatos, T., & Eleftheriadis, G. (1995). Petrology of the Kavala plutonite (Eastern Macedonia, Greece). In Proc. XV Congress CBGA, Athens, Greece, 489-494.

Christofides, G., Soldatos, T., Eleftheriadis, G., & Koroneos, A. (1998). Chemical and isotopic evidence for source contamination and crustal assimilation in the Hellenic Rhodope plutonic rocks. Acta Vulcanologica, 10, 305-318.

Clavier, N., Podor, R., & Dacheux, N. (2011). Crystal chemistry of the monazite structure. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 31(6), 941-976.

Cocker, M. D. (2014). Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits. In Proceedings of the 48th Annual Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Scottsdale, Arizona, April 30- May 4, 20 p.

Cotton, S. (2013). Lanthanide and actinide chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, pp. 173-199.

Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., Hutton, A. T., & Connelly, N. G. (2005). Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005. Chemistry International vol. 27, no 6, 25-26.

Deady, E., Mouchos, E., Goodenough, K., Williamson, B., & Wall, F. (2014). Rare Earth elements in Karst-bauxites: A novel untapped European resource?. In Proccedngs of the ERES 2014 : 1st conference on European Rare Earth Resources, Milos, Greece, 4-7 Sept 2014. 364-375.

Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., & Zussman, J. (Eds.). (1997). Rock-forming minerals: disilicates and ring silicates, volume 1B. Geological Society of London., London, UK. 615 p.

Dimades, E., & Zachos, S. (1985). Geological map of Rhodope 1: 200.000. Institute of Geological and Mining Research.

Dinter, D. A., & Royden, L. (1993). Late Cenozoic extension in northeastern Greece: Strymon Valley detachment system and Rhodope metamorphic core complex. Geology, 21(1), 45-48.

Dinter, D. A., Macfarlane, A., Hames, W., Isachsen, C., Bowring, S., & Royden, L. (1995). U‐Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Symvolon granodiorite: Implications for the thermal and structural evolution of the Rhodope metamorphic core complex, northeastern Greece. Tectonics, 14(4), 886-908.

Dinter, D. A. (1998). Late Cenozoic extension of the Alpine collisional orogen, northeastern Greece: Origin of the north Aegean basin. Geological society of America bulletin, 110(9), 1208-1230.

Döbelin, N., & Kleeberg, R. (2015). Profex: a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN. Journal of applied crystallography, 48(5), 1573-1580.

Dollase, W. A. (1971). Refinement of the crystal structures of epidote, allanite and hancockite. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 56(3-4_Part_1), 447-464.

Dostal, J. (2017). Rare earth element deposits of alkaline igneous rocks. Resources, 6(3), 34, 12 p.

Eleftheriadis, G., & Koroneos, A. (2003). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collision pangeon granitoids in central Macedonia, Northern Greece. Geochemistry, 63(4), 364-389.

Eliopoulos, D. G., & Economou-Eliopoulos, M. (2000). Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Fe-Ni-and bauxitic-laterite deposits of Greece. Ore Geology Reviews, 16(1-2), 41-58.

Eliopoulos, D., Economou, G., Tzifas, I., & Papatrechas, C. (2014). The potential of rare earth elements in Greece. In Proceedings of the ERES2014: First European Rare Earth Resources Conference, Milos, Greece, p. 308.

Emsley, J. (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An AZ Guide to the Elements, 3rd edition Oxford University Press, New York, US.

Ercit, T. S. (2002). The mess that is “allanite”. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40(5), 1411-1419.

Ersoy, E. Y., & Palmer, M. R. (2013). Eocene-Quaternary magmatic activity in the Aegean: Implications for mantle metasomatism and magma genesis in an evolving orogeny. Lithos, 180, 5-24.

Filippidis, A., Misaelides, P., Clouvas, A., Godelitsas, A., Barbayiannis, N., & Anousis, I. (1997). Mineral, chemical and radiological investigation of a black sand at Touzla Cape, near Thessaloniki, Greece. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 19(2), 83-88.

Franz, G., & Liebscher, A. (2004). Physical and Chemical Properties of the Epidote Minerals-An Introduction-. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 56(1), 1-82.

Gamaletsos, P. N., Godelitsas, A., Kasama, T., Kuzmin, A., Lagos, M., Mertzimekis, T. J., Göttlicher, J., Steininger, R., Xanthos, S., Pontikes, Y., Angelopoulos, G. N., Zarkadas, C., Komelkov, A., Tzamos, E. & Filippidis, A. (2016). The role of nano-perovskite in the negligible thorium release in seawater from Greek bauxite residue (red mud). Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-13.

Gamaletsos, P., Godelitsas, A., Mertzimekis, T. J., Göttlicher, J., Steininger, R., Xanthos, S., Berndt, J., Klemme, S., & Bárdossy, G. (2011). Thorium partitioning in Greek industrial bauxite investigated by synchrotron radiation and laser-ablation techniques. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 269(24), 3067-3073.

Georgiev, N., Henry, B., Jordanova, N., Jordanova, D., & Naydenov, K. (2014). Emplacement and fabric-forming conditions of plutons from structural and magnetic fabric analysis: A case study of the Plana pluton (Central Bulgaria). Tectonophysics, 629, 138-154.

Gieré, R., & Sorensen, S. S. (2004). Allanite and other REE-rich epidote-group minerals. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 56(1), 431-493.

Goodenough, K. M., Schilling, J., Jonsson, E., Kalvig, P., Charles, N., Tuduri, J., Deady, E.A., Sadeghi, M., Schiellerup, H., Müller, A., Bertrand, G., Arvanitidis, N., Eliopoulos, D.G., Shaw, R.A., Thrane, K. & Keulen, N. (2016). Europe's rare earth element resource potential: An overview of REE metallogenetic provinces and their geodynamic setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 838-856.

Goodenough, K. M., Wall, F., & Merriman, D. (2018). The rare earth elements: demand, global resources, and challenges for resourcing future generations. Natural Resources Research, 27(2), 201-216.

Goonan, T. G. (2011). Rare earth elements: End use and recyclability. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5094, 15 p.

Graser, G., & Markl, G. (2008). Ca-rich ilvaite-epidote-hydrogarnet endoskarns: A record of late-magmatic fluid influx into the persodic Ilímaussaq Complex, South Greenland. Journal of Petrology, 49(2), 239-265.

Haldar, S. K. (2013). Chapter 2-economic mineral deposits and Host rocks. Mineral exploration. Boston: Elsevier, 23-39.

Haque, N., Hughes, A., Lim, S., & Vernon, C. (2014). Rare earth elements: Overview of mining, mineralogy, uses, sustainability and environmental impact. Resources, 3(4), 614-635.

Haüy, R.J. (1801): «Traité de Minéralogie», Vol. 3, chez Louislibraire, Paris, p. 102-113.

Henderson, P. (Ed.). (1984). Rare earth element geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, p 510.

Hermann, J. (2002). Allanite: thorium and light rare earth element carrier in subducted crust. Chemical geology, 192(3-4), 289-306.

Herrmann, A. G. (1970). Yttrium and lanthanides. Handbook of geochemistry, 2(39), 57-71.

Himmerkus, F., Reischmann, T., & Kostopoulos, D. (2009). Serbo-Macedonian revisited: a Silurian basement terrane from northern Gondwana in the Internal Hellenides, Greece. Tectonophysics, 473(1-2), 20-35.

Hsu, L. C. (1992). Synthesis and stability of bastnaesites in a part of the system (Ce, La)-FHCO. Mineralogy and Petrology, 47(1), 87-101.

Jolivet, L. & Brun, J. P. (2010). Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(1), 109-138.

Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denèle, Y., Brun, J.P., Philippon, M., Paul, A.,

Salaün, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monié, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A. I., Oberhänsli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L. & Driussi, O. (2013). Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics, 597, 1-33.

Jones, A. P., Wall, F., & Williams, C. T. (1995). Rare earth minerals: chemistry, origin and ore deposits (Vol. 7). Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Jones, C. E., Tarney, J., Baker, J. H., & Gerouki, F. (1992). Tertiary granitoids of Rhodope, northern Greece: magmatism related to extensional collapse of the Hellenic Orogen?. Tectonophysics, 210(3-4), 295-314.

Jordens, A., Cheng, Y. P., & Waters, K. E. (2013). A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals. Minerals Engineering, 41, 97-114.

Jordens, A., Marion, C., Langlois, R., Grammatikopoulos, T., Rowson, N. A., & Waters, K. E. (2016). Beneficiation of the Nechalacho rare earth deposit. Part 1: Gravity and magnetic separation. Minerals Engineering, 99, 111-122.

Kalatha, S., Perraki, M., Economou-Eliopoulos, M., & Mitsis, I. (2017). On the origin of bastnaesite-(La, Nd, Y) in the Nissi (Patitira) bauxite laterite deposit, Lokris, Greece. Minerals, 7(3), 45, 19 p.

Kartashov, P. M., Ferraris, G., Ivaldi, G., Sokolova, E., & McCammon, C. A. (2002). Ferriallanite-(Ce), CaCeFe3+ AlFe2+ (SiO4)(Si2O7) O (OH), a new member of the epidote group: description, X-ray and Mössbauer study. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40(6), 1641-1648.

Kilias, A. D., Vamvaka, A., Falalakis, G., Sfeikos, A., Papadimitriou, E., Gkarlaouni, C. H., & Karakostas, B. (2015). The mesohellenic trough and the paleogene thrace basin on the rhodope massif, their structural evolution and geotectonic significance in the Hellenides. J Geol Geosci, 4, 1-17.

Kim, P., Anderko, A., Navrotsky, A., & Riman, R. E. (2018). Trends in structure and thermodynamic properties of normal rare earth carbonates and rare earth hydroxycarbonates. Minerals, 8(3), p. 106.

Kokkinakis, A. (1977). Das Intrusivgebiet des Symvolon-Gebirges und von Kavala in Ostmakedonien, Griechenland (Doctoral dissertation, Uitgever niet vastgesteld).

Kokkinakis, A. (1980). Altersbeziehungen zwischen Metamorphosen, mechanischen Deformationen und Intrusionen am Suedrand des Rhodope-Massivs (Makedonien, Griechenland). Geologische Rundschau, 69(3), 726-744.

Kounov, A., Wüthrich, E., Seward, D., Burg, J. P., & Stockli, D. (2015). Low-temperature constraints on the Cenozoic thermal evolution of the Southern Rhodope Core Complex (Northern Greece). International journal of earth sciences, 104(5), 1337-1352.

Kronberg, P. (1970). Kavala Sheet. Geological Map of Greece, Scale, 1(50.000), Institute of Geological and Mining Research.

Kronberg, P., & Schenck, P. F. (1974). Geological map of Greece: Nikisiani-Loutra Elevtheron sheets. Institute of Geological and Mining Research.

Kydonakis, K., Brun, J. P., & Sokoutis, D. (2015a). North Aegean core complexes, the gravity spreading of a thrust wedge. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(1), 595-616.

Kydonakis, K., Brun, J. P., Sokoutis, D., & Gueydan, F. (2015b). Kinematics of Cretaceous subduction and exhumation in the western Rhodope (Chalkidiki block). Tectonophysics, 665, 218-235.

Kyriakopoulos, K. (1987). A geochronological, geochemical and mineralogical study of some Tertiary plutonic rocks of the Rhodope massif and their isotopic characteristics. University of Athens, 343 p.

Kyriakopoulos, K., Pezzino, A., & Del Moro, A. (1989). Rb-Sr geochronological, petrological and structural study of the Kavala plutonic complex (N. Greece), 545-560.

Laskou, M., & Andreou, G. (2003). Rare earth element distribution and REE-minerals from the Parnassos-Ghiona bauxite deposits, Greece. In Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development, 7th Biennial SGA Meeting, Athens. Millpress, Rotterdam, 89-92.

Liati, A. (2005). Identification of repeated Alpine (ultra) high-pressure metamorphic events by U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and REE geochemistry of zircon: the Rhodope zone of Northern Greece. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150(6), 608-630.

Liu, Y., Chakhmouradian, A. R., Hou, Z., Song, W., & Kynický, J. (2019). Development of REE mineralization in the giant Maoniuping deposit (Sichuan, China): Insights from mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and trace-element geochemistry. Mineralium Deposita, 54(5), 701-718.

Long, K. R., Van Gosen, B. S., Foley, N. K. & Cordier, D. (2012). The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States: A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective. In Non-Renewable Resource Issues. Springer, Dordrecht, 131-155.

Mariano, A. N. (1993). The Atomic Arrangement of Bastnasite-(Ce), Ce (CO3) F, and Structural Elements of Synchysite-(Ce), Röntgenite-(Ce), and Parisite-(Ce). American Mineralogist, 78, 415-418.

Melfos, V., & Voudouris, P. C. (2012). Geological, mineralogical and geochemical aspects for critical and rare metals in Greece. Minerals, 2(4), 300-317.

Mills, S. J., Hatert, F., Nickel, E. H., & Ferraris, G. (2009). The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21(5), 1073-1080.

Miyawaki, R., & Nakai, I. (1993). Crystal structures of rare earth minerals. Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths, 16, 249-518.

Mooney, R. C. (1948). Crystal structures of a series of rare earth phosphates. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 16(10), 1003-1003.

Mouchos, E., Wall, F., Williamson, B. J., & Palumbo-Roe, B. (2016). Easily leachable rare earth element phases in the Parnassus-Giona bauxite deposits, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 50(4), 1952-1958.

Naydenov, K., Peytcheva, I., von Quadt, A., Sarov, S., Kolcheva, K., & Dimov, D. (2013). The Maritsa strike-slip shear zone between Kostenets and Krichim towns, South Bulgaria—Structural, petrographic and isotope geochronology study. Tectonophysics, 595, 69-89.

Neiva, A. M. R., Christofides, G., Eleftheriadis, G., & Soldatos, T. (1996). Geochemistry, of Granitic Rocks and Their Minerals from the Kavala Pluton, Northern Greece. Chemie der Erde, 56, 117-142.

Neumann, H., Jensen, B. B., & Brunfelt, A. O. (1966). Distribution patterns of rare earth elements in minerals. Rev. nor. geológ, 50, 357-373.

Ni, Y., Hughes, J. M., & Mariano, A. N. (1995). Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures. American Mineralogist, 80(1-2), 21-26.

Orris, G. J., & Grauch, R. I. (2002). Rare earth element mines, deposits and occurrences (Open-File Report Vol. 2, No. 189). US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, 632-651.

Papadakis, A. (1975). The black sands of Loutra Eleftheron near Kavala, Greece. Sci. Ann. Fac. Phys. Math. Univ. Thessalon, 15, 331-390

Papadopoulos, A., Christofides, G., Koroneos, A., & Stoulos, S. (2014). Natural radioactivity distribution and gamma radiation exposure of beach sands from Sithonia Peninsula. Open Geosciences, 6(2), 229-242.

Papadopoulos, A., Christofides, G., Koroneos, A., & Hauzenberger, C. (2015a). U, Th and REE content of heavy minerals from beach sand samples of Sithonia Peninsula (northern Greece). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, 107-116.

Papadopoulos, A., Christofides, G., Pe-Piper, G., Koroneos, A., & Papadopoulou, L. (2015b). Geochemistry of beach sands from Sithonia Peninsula (Chalkidiki, Northern Greece). Mineralogy and Petrology, 109(1), 53-66.

Papadopoulos, A., Koroneos, A., Christofides, G., & Stoulos, S. (2015c) Natural Radioactivity Distribution and Gamma Radiation exposure of Beach sands Close to Maronia and Samothraki Plutons, NE Greece. Geol. Balc., 43, 1-3

Papadopoulos, A., Koroneos, A., Christofides, G., & Stoulos, S. (2015d). Natural radioactivity distribution and gamma radiation exposure of beach sands close to Kavala pluton, Greece. Open Geosciences, 7(1), 407-422.

Papadopoulos, A. (2018). Geochemistry and REE content of beach sands along the Atticocycladic coastal zone, Greece. Geosciences Journal, 22(6), 955-973.

Papadopoulos, A., Tzifas, I. T., & Tsikos, H. (2019). The potential for REE and associated critical metals in coastal sand (placer) deposits of Greece: A review. Minerals, 9(8), 469.

Papanikolaou, D. (2009). Timing of tectonic emplacement of the ophiolites and terrane paleogeography in the Hellenides. Lithos, 108(1-4), 262-280.

Papanikolaou, D. (2013). Tectonostratigraphic models of the Alpine terranes and subduction history of the Hellenides. Tectonophysics, 595, 1-24.

Pergamalis, F., Karageorgiou, D.E., Koukoulis, A. & Katsikis, I. (2001a) Mineralogical and chemical composition of sand ore deposits in the seashore zone N. Peramos-L. Eleftheron (N. Greece). Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 34, 845-850.

Pergamalis, F., Karageorgiou, D.E., & Koukoulis, A (2001b). The location of Ti, REE, Th, U, Au deposits in the seafront zones of Nea Peramos-Loutra Eleftheron area, Kavala (N. Greece) using radiation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 34, 1023-1029.

Perissoratis, C., Moorby, S. A., Angelopoulos, I., Cronan, D. S., Papavasiliou, C., Konispoliatis, N., Sakellariadou, F & Mitropoulos, D. (1988). Mineral concentrations in the Recent sediments off eastern Macedonia, northern Greece: geological and geochemical considerations. In Mineral

Deposits within the European Community. Springer, Berlin, 530-552.

Peristeridou, E., Melfos, V., Papadopoulou, L., Kantiranis, N., & Voudouris, P. (2022a). Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of the REE-Rich Black Sands in Beaches of the Kavala District, Northern Greece. Geosciences, 12(7), 277, 21 p.

Peristeridou E., Melfos V., Kantiranis N., Papadopoulou L., Voudouris P. (2022b). Enrichment of rare earth elements in coastal black sands from Kavala district, Northern Greece. In the Abstract Proceedings of the XXII International Congress of the CBGA, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 7-11 September 2022, p. 199.

Peristeridou E., Melfos V., Papadopoulou L., Kantiranis N., Voudouris P. (2022c). Compositional Variability of Epidote-Group Minerals from Black Sands of the Kavala District, Northern Greece. In the Abstract Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of the Geological Society of Greece, Patras, October 17-19, 2022, 327-328.

Petrik, I. (1995). Granitoid allanite-(Ce): substitiution relations, redox conditions and REE distributions (on an example of I-type granitoids, western Carpathians, Slovakia). Geol. Carpathica, 46, 79-94.

Poitrasson, F. (2002). In situ investigations of allanite hydrothermal alteration: examples from calc-alkaline and anorogenic granites of Corsica (southeast France). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142(4), 485-500.

Ricou, L. E., Burg, J. P., Godfriaux, I., & Ivanov, Z. (1998). Rhodope and Vardar: the metamorphic and the olistostromic paired belts related to the Cretaceous subduction under Europe. Geodinamica Acta, 11(6), 285-309.

Robb, L. (2020). Introduction to ore-forming processes. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK, 457 p.

Salvi, S., Williams-Jones, A. E., Linnen, R. L., & Samson, I. M. (2005). Alkaline granite-syenite deposits. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes, 17, 315-341.

Sawka, W. N., Chappell, B. W., & Norrish, K. (1984). Light-rare-earth-element zoning in sphene and allanite during granitoid fractionation. Geology, 12(3), 131-134.

Semenov, E. I. (1958). Relationship between composition of rare earths and composition and structures of minerals. Geochemistry, 5, 574-586.

Sokoutis, D., Brun, J. P., Van Den Driessche, J., & Pavlides, S. (1993). A major Oligo-Miocene detachment in southern Rhodope controlling north

Aegean extension. Journal of the Geological Society, 150(2), 243-246.

Soldatos, T., Koroneos, A., Christofides, G., & Del Moro, A. (2001). Geochronology and origin of the Elatia plutonite (Hellenic Rhodope Massif, N. Greece) constrained by new Sr isotopic data. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, 179-209.

Stergiou, C. L., Melfos, V., Voudouris, P., Spry, P. G., Papadopoulou, L., Chatzipetros, A., Giouri, A., Mavrogonatos, C. & Filippidis, A. (2021). The Geology, Geochemistry, and Origin of the Porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) System at Vathi, Serbo-Macedonian Massif, Greece. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 479,

p.

Stouraiti, C., Angelatou, V., Petushok, S., Soukis, K., & Eliopoulos, D. (2020). Effect of Mineralogy on the Beneficiation of REE from Heavy Mineral Sands: The Case of Nea Peramos, Kavala, Northern Greece. Minerals, 10(5), 387, 19 p.

Sun, S. S., & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42(1), 313-345.

Thomson, T. (1812). XI. Experiments on Allanite, a new Mineral from Greenland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 6, 371-386.

Tsirambides, A., & Filippidis, A. (2012). Metallic mineral resources of Greece. Open Geosciences, 4(4), 641-650.

Tzifas, I. T., Misaelides, P., Godelitsas, A., Gamaletsos, P. N., Nomikou, P., Karydas, A. G., Kantarelou, V. & Papadopoulos, A. (2017). Geochemistry of coastal sands of Eastern Mediterranean: The case of Nisyros volcanic materials. Geochemistry, 77(3), 487-501.

Tzifas, I. T., Papadopoulos, A., Misaelides, P., Godelitsas, A., Göttlicher, J., Tsikos, H., Gamaletsos, P. N., Luvizotto, G., Karydas, A. G., Petrelli, M., Noli, F., Kantarelou, V., Kontofakas, A. & Hatzidimitriou, A. (2019). New insights into mineralogy and geochemistry of allanite-bearing Mediterranean coastal sands from Northern Greece. Geochemistry, 79(2), 247-267.

Vlach, S. R., & Gualda, G. A. (2007). Allanite and chevkinite in A-type granites and syenites of the Graciosa Province, southern Brazil. Lithos, 97(1-2), 98-121.

Walters, A, Lusty, P & Hill, A, (2011). Rare earth elements: mineral

profile series. (Online report), British Geological Survey.

Wang, Z. Y., Fan, H. R., Zhou, L., Yang, K. F., & She, H. D. (2020). Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview. Minerals, v. 10, pp. 1-26.

Xidas, S. (1980). Rodholivos Sheet. In Geological Map of Greece, Scale 1:50,000; Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME): Athens, Greece.

Yang, X. J., Lin, A., Li, X. L., Wu, Y., Zhou, W., & Chen, Z. (2013). China's ion-adsorption rare earth resources, mining consequences and preservation. Environmental Development, 8, 131-136.

Zananiri, I., Kondopoulou, D., Dimitriadis, S., & Kilias, A. (2013). Insights into the geotectonic evolution of the southern Rhodope as inferred from a combined AMS, microtextural and paleomagnetic study of the Tertiary Symvolon and Vrondou plutons. Tectonophysics, 595, 106-124.

ΑΛΕΒΙΖΟΣ, Γ. (1997). Ορυκτολογία, Γεωχημεία και Γένεση Ιζηματογενών Νικελιούχων Σιδηρομεταλλευμάτων Λοκρίδας (Κεντρική Ελλάδα). Διδακτορική διατριβή, Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης. Τμήμα Μηχανικών Ορυκτών Πόρων.

Ιστοσελίδες

https://roskill.com/market-report/rare-earths/


Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά

  • Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.