Αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού γένεσης των κοιτασμάτων παλυγκορσκίτη-σμεκτίτη στην λεκάνη των Βεντζίων, της περιφέρειας Δυτικής Μακεδονίας, μεταξύ των νομών Γρεβενών–Κοζάνης. Συνολικά, λήφθηκαν 81 δείγματα από την υπαίθρια δειγματοληψία και από δύο πυρηνοληπτικές γεωτρήσεις, από τις θέσεις/ορυχεία Πευκάκι, Πυλωροί και Χαραμή. Η δειγματοληψία έγινε σε επιλεγμένες τομές από τη περιφέρεια της λεκάνης προς το κέντρο της, με στόχο την αποτελεσματικότερη και ακριβέστερη επιλογή δειγμάτων από όλες τις πλευρές προς το κέντρο της λεκάνης. Τα υπαίθρια δείγματα και οι γεωτρήσεις πάρθηκαν από τα υπό-εκμετάλλευση ορυχεία της ΓΕΩΕΛΛΑΣ-Α.Ε. κατόπιν σχετικής άδειας, αλλά και περιμετρικά αυτών, όπου κρίθηκε απαραίτητο. Τα δείγματα υποβλήθηκαν σε λιθολογική και κοκκομετρική ανάλυση. Συγκεκριμένα, στο κλάσμα <2mm εφαρμόσθηκε η μέθοδος της διάθλασης ακτίνων-laser. Από τα αποτελέσματα της κοκκομετρικής ανάλυσης παρατηρείται ότι στα δείγματα επικρατεί το κλάσμα της ιλύος, έπειτα η άμμος και τελευταία η άργιλος. Η ορυκτολογική ανάλυση των ολικών δειγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση περιθλασιμετρίας ακτίνων-Χ(XRD). H ορυκτολογία των αργιλικών ορυκτών προσδιορίστηκε από προσανατολισμένα, γλυκοποιημένα και πυρωμένα παρασκευάσματα αντίστοιχα με τη χρήση περιθλασιμετρίας ακτίνων-Χ(XRD). Ο ποσοτικός προσδιορισμός των ορυκτολογικών φάσεων πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση της μεθόδου των εξωτερικών προτύπων. Παρασκευάστηκαν πέντε εξωτερικά πρότυπα παλυγκορσκίτη-σμεκτίτη-σερπεντίνη-χαλαζία, καθώς και έξι εξωτερικά πρότυπα με τη συμμετοχή παλυγκορσκίτη-σμεκτίτη-ασβεστίτη και παλυγκορσκίτη-σμεκτίτη-δολομίτη σε συγκεκριμένες αναλογίες. Ο προσδιορισμός της χημικής σύστασης των ολικών δειγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε σε πιστοποιημένο εργαστήριο του εξωτερικού. Ο προσδιορισμός της χημικής σύστασης του αργιλικού κλάσματος(<2μm) των δειγμάτων, πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση φορητής συσκευής(pXRF). Από τα αποτελέσματα των ορυκτολογικών και χημικών αναλύσεων προκύπτει η εμφανής επιρροή των υπερβασικών πετρωμάτων αλλά και των σχηματισμών της Μεσοελληνικής αύλακας στα κλαστικά υλικά των λεκανών απόθεσης. Για το προσδιορισμό της μορφολογίας και της ορυκτοχημείας των αργιλικών δειγμάτων(<2μm), επιλέχθηκαν πλούσια σε παλυγκορσκίτη, πλούσια σε σμεκτίτη και μικτά δείγματα από τις τρείς θέσεις/ορυχεία. Η ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη μέθοδο της ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης δέσμης ιόντων(FESEM-EDS). Παράλληλα, αντιπροσωπευτικό μικτό δείγμα με μέγεθος κόκκων<2μm, μελετήθηκε με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία διερχόμενης δέσμης ηλεκτρονίων(ΤΕΜ), ώστε να εντοπιστούν οι διαγενετικές ή άλλης μορφής σχέσεις μεταξύ των κρυστάλλων παλυγκορσκίτη-σμεκτίτη. Επίσης, για την αξιολόγηση της διαγένεσης των εξεταζόμενων ιζηματογενών σχηματισμών, προσδιορίστηκαν τα ισότοπα δC13 και δO18, σε επιλεγμένους κόκκους δευτερογενών ανθρακικών ορυκτών (ασβεστίτη, δολομίτη ή/και αραγωνίτη), οι οποίοι απομονώθηκαν από τα εξεταζόμενα δείγματα. Τέλος εφαρμόστηκε σε αντιπροσωπευτικά πλούσια σε σμεκτίτη, παλυγκορσκίτη και μικτά δείγματα φασματοσκοπία υπέρυθρου για τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό του δι-ή τρι-οκταεδρικού τους χαρακτήρα. Τα αποτελέσματα της ορυκτοχημείας φανέρωσαν τη στενή γεωχημική σχέση του σμεκτίτη και του παλυγκορσκίτη. Ο χημικός τύπος του σμεκτίτη βρέθηκε να είναι:[Na(0,000-0,425)Ca(0,000-0,142)K(0,000-0,036)][Ti(0,023-0,770)AlVI(0,251-1,195)Fe2+(0,481-0,770)Mg(0,588-1,508)][Si(3,960-3,981)AlIV(0,019-0,040)]4O20(OH)2 ενώ του παλυγκορσκίτη:[Na(0,297-2,848)K(0,000-0,004)][Ca(0,141-0,844)AlVI(0,250-0,745)Fe2+(0.254-0,676)Mg(1,633-3,022)][Si(7,932-7,989)AlIV(0,011-0,068)]8O20(OH). Οι εικόνες της ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης και ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας διέλευσης, δείχνουν την άμεση γενετική προέλευση του παλυγκορσκίτη από τον σμεκτίτη. Από τα αποτελέσματα της φασματοσκοπίας υπερύθρου προκύπτει πως ο παλυγκορσκίτης παρουσιάζει δι-τρι-οκταεδρικό χαρακτήρα ενώ ο σμεκτίτης χαρακτηρίζεται ως δι-οκταεδρικός. Τέλος μέσω των αποτελεσμάτων των ισοτόπων C13καιO18 προκύπτει πως το παλαιοπεριβάλλον της περιοχής μελέτης χαρακτηρίζεται από εναλλαγές θερμών και υγρών εποχών με ξηρές-ημίξερες περιόδους. Συνολικά, τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης υποδεικνύουν ένα μεταβατικό περιβάλλον απόθεσης και συγκεκριμένα ενός απομακρυσμένου αλλουβιακού ριπιδίου–αλκαλικής λίμνης (περιθώρια της λίμνης).

The subject of the doctoral thesis is the investigation of the genesis mechanism of palygorskite-smectite deposits in the Ventzia basin, located in the Western Macedonia region, between the prefectures of Grevena and Kozani. In total, 81 samples were collected, including samples from fieldwork and two core drillings from the Pefkaki, Piloroi, and Harami mine/sites. Sampling was conducted in a manner that allowed for the most effective and precise selection of samples from all sides toward the center of the basin. Field samples and drillings were obtained from GEOELLAS-S.A. mines, with the necessary permits, and also from their peripheral areas, as deemed necessary.The samples underwent lithological and granulometric analysis. Specifically, the laser diffraction method was applied to the<2mm fraction. The results of the granulometric analysis indicate that the samples are primarily composed of silt, followed by sand, and clay as the least dominant component.Mineralogical analysis of the total samples was conducted using X-ray diffraction(XRD). The mineralogy of the clay minerals was determined through oriented, glycolated, and heated samples using XRD. The quantitative determination of mineral phases was performed using the method of the external standards. Five external standards were prepared with the participation of palygorskite-smectite-serpentinite-quartz, as well as six external standards with the participation of palygorskite-smectite-calcite and palygorskite-smectite-dolomite in specific ratios. The chemical composition of the bulk samples was determined in a certified laboratory abroad. The determination of the chemical composition of the clay fraction(<2μm) of the samples was performed using a portable X-ray fluorescence device(pXRF). The results of mineralogical and chemical analyses reveal a clear influence of ultramafic rocks and formations of the Mesohellenic Trough on the clastic materials of the deposition basins.To detect the morphology and mineralogy of the clay samples(<2μm), samples rich in palygorskite, rich in smectite, and mixed samples from the three locations/mines were selected. The analysis was conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM-EDS). A representative mixed sample with grain size<2μm, was studied using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) in order to identify genetic or other relationships between palygorskite-smectite crystals. To evaluate the diagenesis of the examined sedimentary formations, the δC13and δO18 isotopes were determined in selected grains of secondary carbonate minerals (calcite,dolomite,and/or aragonite) that were isolated from the examined samples.Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to representative samples rich in smectite, palygorskite, and mixed samples for the precise determination of their di-or trioctahedral character. The results of the mineralogical analysis indicate a close geochemical relationship between smectite and palygorskite. The chemical formula of smectite was found to be:[Na(0,000-0,425)Ca(0,000-0,142)K(0,000-0,036)][Ti(0,023-0,770)AlVI(0,251-1,195)Fe2+(0,481-0,770)Mg(0,588-1,508)][Si(3,960-3,981)AlIV(0,019-0,040)]4O20(OH)2, while that of palygorskite is:[Na(0,297-2,848)K(0,000-0,004)][Ca(0,141-0,844)AlVI(0,250-0,745)Fe2+(0,254-0,676)Mg(1,633-3,022)][Si(7,932-7,989)AlIV(0,011-0,068)]8O20(OH). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate the direct genetic origin of smectite from palygorskite. The FTIR results reveal that palygorskite exhibits both di-tri-octahedral character, while smectite is characterized as di-octahedral. Finally, the results of the C13and O18 isotopes indicate that the paleoenvironment conditions of the study area is characterized by alternating warm and wet periods with dry to semi-arid periods.Finally, the depositional environment is characterized as a distall lower fan–lacustrine margin(of an alkaline lake).

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