Study of the Quaternary equids of Greece: systematics, biostratigraphy, phylogeny, palaeoecology = Μελέτη των Τεταρτογενών ιπποειδών της Ελλάδας: συστηματική, βιοστρωματογραφία, φυλογένεση, παλαιοοικολογία
Περίληψη
Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η συστηματική, φυλογενετική, βιοστρωματογραφική και παλαιοοικολογική μελέτη των απολιθωμένων Τεταρτογενών (2,5 εκ. χρόνια πριν έως σήμερα) ιπποειδών της Ελλάδας. Το υλικό μελέτης αποτελείται από ~8.000 απολιθώματα κρανιακού, οδοντικού και μετακρανιακού υλικού προερχόμενα από 20 απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις σε όλη την επικράτεια: Κεντρική Μακεδονία: Γερακαρού, Βασιλούδι, Ριζά-1, Κρήμνη (KRI, KRM, KMN), Τσιότρα Βρύση, Πλατανοχώρι, Απολλωνία, Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων, Δυτική Μακεδονία: Δαφνερό (DFN, DFN3), Λίβακος, Καπετάνιος, Πολύλακκος, Σιάτιστα-Ε, Ανατολική Μακεδονία: Βώλακας, Αγγίτης, Θεσσαλία: Σέσκλο, Αλυκές, Βόλος, Πελοπόννησος: Πύργος, Βόρειο Αιγαίο: Βατερά Λέσβου (VAT-F, VAT-E). Οι Τεταρτογενείς πανίδες θηλαστικών της Ελλάδας αποτελούνται αποκλειστικά από το γένος Equus που αποτελεί το συντριπτικό ποσοστό των θηλαστικών. Το είδος Equus stenonis αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις Δαφνερό, Βώλακας, Σέσκλο και Κρήμνη-1. Στην θέση Πύργος αναγνωρίστηκαν το Equus cf. E. senezensis και το Equus aff. E. stehlini. Το Equus altidens αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις: Γερακαρού, Κρήμνη, Τσιότρα Βρύση, Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων, Λίβακος, Πολύλακκος και Ε-Σιάτιστα. Τα κρανία και ο μετακρανιακός σκελετός παρουσιάζουν μορφολογικές και μορφομετρικές ομοιότητες με το E. altidens από το Pirro Nord (Ιταλία) και το Dmanisi (Γεωργία). Το άλογο από την Κρήμνη και την Τσιότρα Βρύση είναι κοντά στις αναλογίες του E. altidens από τη Venta Micena. Η παρουσία του E. altidens στο Σπήλαιο των Πετραλώνων πιθανώς σηματοδοτεί την τελευταία εμφάνιση του είδους στην Ανατολική Ευρώπη. Το μεγαλόσωμο άλογο από τη θέση Τσιότρα Βρύση παρουσιάζει ομοιότητες με αυτό της Απολλωνίας και της Venta Micena. Το υλικό από το Βασιλούδι παρουσιάζει ομοιότητες με το E. suessenbornensis από το Pirro Nord. To άλογο από τη θέση VAT-F έχει μορφομετρικές ομοιότητες με αυτό της Απολλωνίας και του E. stenonis olivolanus. Το άλογο από τη θέση VAT-Ε μοιάζει μορφολογικά με το τυπικό E. suessenbornensis και το E. major. Το Equus apolloniensis αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις Απολλωνία, Βόλος και Αλυκές. Στις θέσεις Πετράλωνα και Αγγίτης αναγνωρίστηκε το E. ferus. Τα αποτελέσματα τις κλαδιστικής ανάλυσης επιβεβαίωσαν την κοινή φυλογενετική σχέση των αλόγων από την Γερακαρού και το Dmanisi. Το E. apolloniensis σχετίζεται φυλογενετικά με τον υποκλάδο του E. asinus. Τα αποτελέσματα της συστηματικής και φυλογενετικής ανάλυσης συνέβαλαν στην χρονολογική διάρθρωση των χερσαίων αποθέσεων του Τεταρτογενούς της Ελλάδας και στην χρονολόγηση των υπό μελέτη απολιθωματοφόρων θέσεων με βάση τα ιπποειδή. Κατά τις αρχές του Κατώτερου Πλειστόκαινου (early-middle Early Pleistocene) στην Ελλάδα εμφανίζονται το E. stenonis (DFN, SES, VOL, KRI), το E. senezensis και πιθανώς το E. stehlini (PYR). Περί το τέλος του Κατωτέρου Πλειστόκαινου της Ελλάδας το E. stenonis εξακολουθεί να υπάρχει, ενώ την άφιξή τους έχουν κάνει το E. altidens και το E. apolloniensis. Το E. altidens εμφανίζεται έως και το Μέσο Πλειστόκαινο. Στην έναρξη του Μέσου Πλειστοκαίνου της Ευρώπης, τα αρχαϊκά «stenonoid» άλογα σταδιακά αντικαταστάθηκαν από τα πιο εξελιγμένα «caballoid» άλογα. Τα αποτελέσματα της μεσοτριβής των δοντιών έδειξαν για τα άλογα της Ελλάδας να προτιμούν τη βόσκηση σε γρασίδι (grazing habits). Τα αποτελέσματα της μικροτριβής έδειξαν ότι τα Κάτω Πλειστοκαινικά άλογα είχαν ενδιάμεσες διατροφικές προτιμήσεις, υποδεικνύοντας ένα μωσαϊκό περιβάλλον με ανοικτά δάση-δασώδεις σαβάνες.
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