Η επίδραση της κλιματικής αλλαγής στα επίπεδα PM 2.5 σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα = Climate change impact on future levels of PM 2.5 in global scale.
Περίληψη
This thesis examines the impact of climate change on particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5, also known as PM2.5, on a global scale. The data that was used come from the World Climate Research Programme, under the Sixth phase of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and refer to the time period from 2015 to 2100. The three climate models that are studied are GFDL-ESM4, GISS-E2-1-G, and MRI-ESM2-0. For the analysis, two types of experiments were used (ssp370SST and ssp370pdSST). The ssp370SST experiment follows the ssp370 scenario with time-varying sea surface temperatures (SSTs) obtained from simulations of the ssp370 experiment with a coupled global atmosphere-ocean climate model. The ssp370pdSST experiment has a similar experimental setup to ssp370SST except that sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice are obtained from a recent climatology (period 2005-2014) derived from simulations of each model during the historical period and remain constant throughout the period of future simulations (2015-2100). Both the ssp370SST and ssp370pdSST experiments follow the SSP3_7.0 scenario as described in Turnock et al. (2020) and Griffiths et al. (2021). In practice, the ssp370pdSST simulations depict the effect of future emissions only by maintaining the climate state according to the climatology of the recent past (2005-2014), while the ssp370SST simulations depict the combined effect of climate change and emissions. Hence, by subtracting ssp370pdSST from ssp370SST experiments the effect from climate change can be deduced for PM2.5. This is manifested through changes in chemistry, transport, natural emissions, and deposition with the latter two depending on the level of interactiveness at which these processes are represented in the models. Afterwards, the difference of the two experiments is calculated and world maps are constructed for two time periods, 2021-2050 and 2070-2099 at the annual and seasonal level, in relation to three parameters: particulate matter, PM2.5, precipitation and surface temperature. After the construction of the maps, analysis of each map is conducted for each climate model and for each time period on an annual and seasonal scale. The results show that the three climate models are in low agreement on how much climate change impacts PM2.5, and that the impact of climate change, positive or negative, is small in particulate matter, PM2.5, and is mostly local in nature.
Πλήρες Κείμενο:
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