Εξώφυλλο

Ecomorphological study of Potamotherium valletoni (Mammalia : Carnivora) = Οικομορφολογίκη Μελέτη του Potamotherium valletoni (Θηλαστικα : Σαρκοφάγα).

Emmanouil Nikolaos Fragkioudakis

Περίληψη


Potamotherium valletoni is a small semi-aquatic carnivore from late Oligocene-Miocene of Europe and North America. Although it is known and described for many years its exact placing within a particular taxonomic group is unclear, with different studies placing it either among the Lutrinae, the semi-aquatic subfamily of Mustelidae, or among stem-pinnipeds the ancestors of the Pinnipedia, the commonly known seals. This study aims to understand the possible foraging behavior of Potamotherium. It uses four different approaches: (a) a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the shape of its skull (b) a 2D geometric analysis of the mandible; (c) the area its infraorbital foramen covered on its face was taken into account as an indicator to understanding how impactful its whiskers were in its foraging behavior; (d) a traditional morphometric analysis of the skull. The results of the first two analyses indicated that Potamotherium valletoni’s skull had more similarities with skulls of modern Lutrinae. The analysis of the infraorbital foramen showed a possible primitive form of whiskering as a foraging method. The traditional morphometrics analysis placed P. valletoni among mouth-oriented predators of Lutrinae which prefer to hunt by swift bites, without using their forelimbs. Nevertheless, elements of cranial morphology remain unique on P. valletoni, like the shape of its elongated palate. This study concludes that Potamotherium valletoni’s foraging had a strong resemblance with modern mouth-oriented hunters among Lutrinae.

Το Potamotherium valletoni είναι ένα μικρό ημιυδρόβιο σαρκοβόρο από το Ανώτερο Ολιγόκαινο εώς το Μειόκαινο της Ευρώπης και της Βορείου Αμερικής. Παρότι είναι γνωστό και έχει περιγραφεί εδώ και πολλά χρόνια η ακριβής τοποθέτηση του σε μία συγκεκριμένη ταξινομική ομάδα είναι αμφιλεγόμενη, με διαφορετικές μελέτες να το τοποθετούν είτε στις Λουτρίνες, την ημιυδροβια υποοικογένεια των Μουστελίδων, είτε στα πρώιμα πτερυγιόποδα, προγόνους των σημερινών πτερυγιοπόδων, των φωκών. Η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα αποσκοπεί στη κατανόηση των πιθανών μεθόδων θήρευσης του P. valletoni. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τέσσερις διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις : α) τρισδιάστατη γεωμετρική μορφομετρία ως μέσο ανάλυσης του σχήματος του κρανίου β) δισδιάστατη γεωμετρική μορφομετρία ως μέσο ανάλυσης του σχήματος της κάτω γνάθους γ) υπολογισμός του εμβαδού του υποκογχικού τρήματος, ως δείκτης πιθανής χρήσεως των μουστακιων κατά τη θήρευση δ) παραδοσιακή μορφομετρική ανάλυση του κρανίου. Τα αποτελέσματα των δύο πρώτων αναλύσεων υποδεικνύουν πως το κρανίο του φέρει ομοιότητες με  τα κρανία των σύγχρονων Λουτρίνων. Η ανάλυση του υποκογχικού τρήματος δείχνει πως μία κίνηση των μυστακίων του ανάλογη των σημερινών υδρόβιων και ημιυδρόβιων θηλαστικών ήταν δυνατή, πιθανώς σε μία πιο αρχέγονη μορφή. Η παραδοσιακή μορφομετρική ανάλυση το τοποθέτησε ανάμεσα στις Λουτρίνες που προτιμούν να κυνηγάνε με το στόμα με απότομες δαγκωματιές, χωρίς τη χρήση των εμπρόσθιων άκρων τους. Μολοταύτα, χαρακτήρες του κρανίου του παραμένουν μοναδικοί στο P. valletoni, όπως το σχήμα του υπερώιου οστού. Εν κατακλείδι, η έρευνα συμπεραίνει πως η θήρευση του P. valletoni έχει έντονες ομοιότητες με τις σύγχρονες Λουτρίνες που κυνηγάνε με το στόμα.

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