Palaeoceonographic study of the Epidaurus basin during the last 1500 years: an organic biochemical  approach =  Παλαιοωκεανογραφική μελέτη της λεκάνης της Επιδαύρου τα τελευταία 1500 χρόνια μέσω οργανικών βιοδεικτών.

Maria-Sofia Nikolaos Kapiri,

Palaeoceonographic study of the Epidaurus basin during the last 1500 years: an organic biochemical approach = Παλαιοωκεανογραφική μελέτη της λεκάνης της Επιδαύρου τα τελευταία 1500 χρόνια μέσω οργανικών βιοδεικτών.

Maria-Sofia Nikolaos Kapiri,

Περίληψη

The current master thesis focuses οn the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the Epidaurus Basin region, which is located in the southwest Saronikos Gulf, over the past 1500 years. It addresses the interactions of the terrestrial and marine environments and the response modes of the marine environment in relation to the climatic changes observed in the area. For this purpose, the sedimentary record of the multicore S25_1 was analysed for selected biogeochemical markers and indices of terrestrial and marine origin, which convey a specific signal from the environment in which they were biosynthesised. The aforesaid biomarkers are lipid organic compounds, i.e. n-alkanes, n-alkanols, long chain alkenones and steroid alcohols that allow the reconstruction of the past, and specifically of parameters such as the sea surface temperature (SST), the hydrological regime, the paleo-productivity trends, the water mass circulation, the organic matter inputs and sources, the preservation vs. degradation of organic matte along with the stratification and oxygenation dynamics of the water column and the underlying sediment and the anthropogenic imprint that the region receives, mainly in the years of the industrial revolution (~ last 150 years). In the current thesis the age intervals that are analysed are 1) Dark Ages - DA (7th-10th centuries), with decreased SST compared to the rest of the dataset but concurrently with an upward trend, 2) Medieval Climate Anomaly – MCA (10th-13th centuries), which exhibited an upward trend in SST values, 3) Little Ice Age - LIA, which divides into two phases, namely the warming phase (13th-16th centuries) and cooling (16th-19th centuries) and 4) Industrial Period - IP (19th century onwards), in which age interval the anthropogenic impact on the environment is observed through certain indicators and this century marked by a downward trend in SST values during the early 20th century.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως κύριο στόχο την ανασύσταση του παλαιοπεριβάλλοντος στη λεκάνη της Επιδαύρου, η οποία βρίσκεται στα νοτιοδυτικά του Σαρωνικού κόλπου, τα τελευταία 1500 χρόνια. Πιο αναλυτικά, ασχολείται με τον προσδιορισμό των αλληλεπιδράσεων χερσαίου και υδάτινου περιβάλλοντος και την απόκριση του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος σε σχέση με τις κλιματολογικές αλλαγές που σημειώνονται στην περιοχή. Για την εμπεριστατωμένη μελέτη των προαναφερόμενων χαρακτηριστικών χρησιμοποιήθηκε το ίζημα του πυρήνα S25_1 και πιο συγκεκριμένα ορισμένοι βιογεωχημικοί δείκτες χερσαίας και θαλάσσιας προέλευσης, οι οποίοι μεταφέρουν ένα συγκεκριμένο σήμα από το περιβάλλον στο οποίο έγινε η βιοσύνθεσή τους. Οι βιοδείκτες αυτοί αποτελούν λιπιδικές οργανικές ενώσεις και συγκεκριμένα ανήκουν στις ομάδες κ-αλκάνια, κ-αλκανόλες, αλκενόνες και στεροειδείς αλκοόλες που επιτρέπουν την ανάπλαση των παρελθοντικών συνθηκών της εκάστοτε περιοχής και πιο συγκεκριμένα μέσω παραμέτρων όπως τη θερμοκρασία στην επιφάνεια της θάλασσας (SST), το υδρολογικό καθεστώς, τις τάσεις παλαιοπαραγωγικότητας, την κυκλοφορία των υδάτινων μαζών, τις εισροές και πηγές της οργανικής ύλης, τη διατήρηση έναντι της αποικοδόμησης της οργανικής ύλης μαζί με τη δυναμική της στρωμάτωσης και οξυγόνωσης της υδάτινης στήλης και του υποκείμενου ιζήματος, αλλά και του οικολογικού αποτυπώματος της ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας που δέχεται η περιοχή, κυρίως τα χρόνια της βιομηχανικής επανάστασης (~ τα τελευταία 150 έτη). Στην παρούσα διατριβή τα ηλικιακά διαστήματα που αναλύονται είναι τα εξής: 1) η περίοδος των σκοτεινών χρόνων του Μεσαίωνα (Dark Ages - DA), (7ος-10ος αιώνας), που παρουσιάζονται μειωμένες τιμές SST σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα διαστήματα που αναλύονται αλλά με ταυτόχρονη αυξητική τάση, 2) η περίοδος κλιματικής ανωμαλίας του Μεσαίωνα (Medieval Climate Anomaly - MCA), (10ος-13ος αιώνας), το οποίο διάστημα παρουσίασε ανοδική τάση στις τιμές SST, 3) η μικρή Παγετώδης Περίοδος (Little Ice Age - LIA), η οποία χωρίζεται σε δύο φάσεις, τη θερμή φάση (13ος-16ος αιώνας) και την ψυχρή φάση (16ος-19ος αιώνας) και 4) τα χρόνια από την έναρξη της βιομηχανικής επανάστασης έως σήμερα (Industrial Period – IP), (19ος αιώνας και μετά), κατά την οποία παρατηρείται σταδιακά η ανθρώπινη παρέμβαση στο περιβάλλον και στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα καταγράφονται μειωμένες τιμές SST.

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