Σπάνιες γαίες: Ορυκτά, ιδιότητες, χρήσεις, κοιτάσματα και παγκόσμια παραγωγή = Rare earth elements: Minerals, properties, uses, deposits and world production.
Περίληψη
Οι σπάνιες γαίες (REE) είναι ένα σύνολο δεκαεπτά μεταλλικών στοιχείων, τα οποία περιλαμβάνουν τις δεκαπέντε λανθανίδες του περιοδικού πίνακα, καθώς και το σκάνδιο και το ύττριο. Κατηγοριοποιούνται σε ελαφρές σπάνιες γαίες (από λανθάνιο έως σαμάριο) και σε βαριές σπάνιες γαίες (από ευρώπιο έως λουτέτιο). Έχουν αναγνωριστεί συνολικά 160 ορυκτά, τα οποία περιέχουν σπάνιες γαίες και από τα οποία σήμερα, τέσσερα από αυτά εξορύσσονται προς εκμετάλλευση αυτών, ο μπαστνασίτης, ο ξενότιμος, ο μοναζίτης και ο λοπαρίτης. Τα στοιχεία των σπάνιων γαιών είναι σχετικά άφθονα στον φλοιό της γης, ωστόσο, λόγω των γεωχημικών ιδιοτήτων τους, είναι συνήθως διασκορπισμένα. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι δεν βρίσκονται συχνά σε συγκέντρωση που να καθιστά βιώσιμη την εξόρυξή τους. Επίσης, αντιδρούν με άλλα χημικά στοιχεία για να σχηματίσουν ενώσεις, καθεμία από τις οποίες έχει συγκεκριμένη χημική συμπεριφορά. Οι σπάνιες γαίες είναι απαραίτητες και αναντικατάστατες σε πολλές ηλεκτρικές, οπτικές, μαγνητικές και καταλυτικές εφαρμογές. Επιπλέον, αποτελούν βασικούς παράγοντες για τεχνολογίες που επιδιώκουν τη μείωση των εκπομπών, τη μείωση της κατανάλωσης ενέργειας, καθώς και τη βελτίωση της αποδοτικότητας, των επιδόσεων, της ταχύτητας, της ανθεκτικότητας και της θερμικής σταθερότητας. Τέλος, τα κοιτάσματα μεταλλευμάτων των σπάνιων γαιών βρίσκονται σε όλο τον κόσμο. Τα κυριότερα κοιτάσματα βρίσκονται στην Κίνα, τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, την Αυστραλία και τη Ρωσία, ενώ άλλα βρίσκονται στον Καναδά, την Ινδία και τη Νότια Αφρική
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a set of seventeen metallic elements, which include the fifteen lanthanides of the periodic table as well as scandium and yttrium. They are classified into light rare earths (from lanthanum to samarium) and heavy rare earths (from europium to lutetium). A total of 160 minerals containing rare earths have been identified, of which four are currently being exiled for exploitation, namely bastnasite, xenotime, monazite and loparite. Rare earth elements are relatively abundant in the earth's crust, but due to their geochemical properties they are usually dispersed. This means that they are often not found in concentrations that make their extraction viable. They also react with other chemical elements to form compounds, each of which has a specific chemical behaviour. Rare earths are essential and irreplaceable in many electrical, optical, magnetic and catalytic applications. In addition, they are key enablers for technologies that seek to reduce emissions, reduce energy consumption, and improve efficiency, performance, speed, durability and thermal stability. Finally, rare earth ore deposits are found all over the world. The main ores are found in China, the United States, Australia and Russia, while other are found in Canada, India and South Africa.
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