[Εξώφυλλο]

Μελέτη παλαιοϋδρολογικών και παλαιοκλιματικών συνθηκών στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της λίμνης Καστοριάς με χρήση ισοτοπικών γεωχημείας

Παρασκευή Χαντζή

Περίληψη


Βασικός σκοπός της διατριβής ήταν η διερεύνηση παλαιοϋδρολογικών και παλαιοκλιματικών συνθηκών στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της λίμνης Καστοριάς με τη χρήση ισοτοπικών μεθόδων. Η ανασύσταση των παλαιοϋδρολογικών και παλαιοκλιματικών συνθηκών επιχειρήθηκε μέσα από ιζήματα αρχικά, καθώς και από τη μελέτη βιολογικού υλικού (οστά ζώων) από την αρχαιολογική ανασκαφή του Δισπηλιού όπου αφορά την μοναδική ανασκαφή λιμναίου οικισμού στην Ελλάδα. Αναπτύχθηκαν κατάλληλα πρωτόκολλα για την απομόνωση της οργανικής (κολλαγόνο) και ανόργανης (βιοαπατίτης) φάσης του βιολογικού υλικού, όπου και ελέγχθηκαν για τον εντοπισμό τυχόν διαγενετικών επεισοδίων που θα μπορούσαν να επηρεάσουν την παλαιοκλιματική ερμηνεία. Οι ορυκτολογικές μέθοδοι (SEM, XRF, FTIR) που εφαρμόστηκαν στα δείγματα υδροξυαπατίτη καθώς και ο λόγος C/N που υπολογίστηκε για τα δείγματα κολλαγόνου απομόνωσαν μία ομάδα δειγμάτων που είχε επηρεαστεί από την αλληλεπίδραση του ταφονομικού περιβάλλοντος με το νερό της λίμνης και την ενσωμάτωση επανακρυσταλωμένου απατίτη. Τα υπόλοιπα δείγματα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για ισοτοπικές αναλύσεις στον υδροξυαπατίτη (δ18Οc, δ13C) και στο κολλαγόνο (δ15Ν, δ13C, 14C).

Τα ισοτοπικά δεδομένα δ13C, δ18O, δ15N σε δείγματα ιζημάτων από την παρειά του σκάμματος της ανασκαφής του Δισπηλιού σε κάθετη τομή απέδειξαν την παρουσία πιο υγρών επεισοδίων περίπου το 3.5 kyrBP (3.8 calkyrBP) και το 4.7 kyrBP(5.5 calkyrBP). Η περίοδος περίπου το 2.4 kyr BP (2.5 cal kyr BP) παρουσίασε τιμές δ18O -12.5‰ PDB και δ13C -21.7‰ PDB. Αυτή η έντονη μετατόπιση σε πιο αρνητικές ισοτοπικές τιμές οξυγόνου και άνθρακα αντανακλούν ένα έντονο επεισόδιο απορροής υπό την επίδραση ενός έντονου υγρού επεισοδίου ή/και έντονης ανθρωπογενούς πίεσης στην υπολεκάνη απορροής του νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού. Οι μετρήσεις του ραδιοάνθρακα 14C σε δείγματα κολλαγόνου και ιζημάτων ενίσχυσαν τη βιβλιογραφική βάση δεδομένων και σε συνδυασμό με τα σταθερά ισότοπα απέδειξαν την ενεργοποίηση μηχανισμών εντονότερης ιζηματογένεσης περίπου το 2.4 kyr BP ως αποτέλεσμα επεισοδίων αποψίλωσης και/ή σε μία περίοδο με πιο υγρές συνθήκες. Υπολογίστηκαν και εφαρμόστηκαν παλαιοκλιματικές εξισώσεις συσχέτισης μεταξύ των τιμών δ18Oc του υδροξυαπατίτη των οστών και των τιμών δ18Ow του πόσιμου νερού για την άγρια πανίδα. Η κατακόρυφη ανάπτυξη των τιμών δ18Ow του πόσιμου νερού σε σχέση με το βάθος, και εν συνεχεία με τις τιμές 14C όπως προέκυψαν από το μοντέλο βάθους-ραδιοχρονολογήσεων, εντοπίζει ένα ψυχρότερο επεισόδιο μεταξύ 4.1 kyrBP(4.6 calkyrBP) - 4.7 kyrBP(5.5 calkyrBP) ενώ στη συνέχεια, μια μετάβαση σε θερμότερες συνθήκες περίπου το 2.4 kyrBP(2.5cal kyr BP). Οι ισοτοπικές τιμές αζώτου για τα δείγματα αγριόχοιρων είναι μεγαλύτερες από αυτές των ζαρκαδιών. Σύμφωνα με το μοντέλο πρωτεΐνης, βασισμένο στη συσχέτιση των τιμών δ15Ν και του ύψους κατακρημνισμάτων τα δείγματα κολλαγόνου του αγριόχοιρου εμφάνισαν ποσοστά φυτικής και ζωικής πρωτεΐνης 70% και 30% αντίστοιχα. Αντίθετα, στην περίπτωση που δεν λαμβάνονταν υπόψιν τα κατακρημνίσματα τα ποσοστά φυτικής και ζωικής πρωτεΐνης υπολογίστηκαν 35% και 65% αντίστοιχα. Πέρα λοιπόν από την απόδειξη της κατά βάση φυτοφαγικής δίαιτας των αγριόχοιρων από την ανασκαφή του Δισπηλιού απεδείχθη και η διατάραξη του μοντέλου πρωτεΐνης στην περίπτωση που δεν λαμβάνεται υπόψη η κατανομή των κατακρημνισμάτων στις υπό μελέτη λεκάνες απορροής, οδηγώντας σε λανθασμένα συμπεράσματα.

A key objective of this study was the investigation of palaeohydrological and paleoclimatic changes in Kastoria Lake basin. The benchmark was the archaeological excavations of Dispilio, the unique lakeside settlement excavation in Greece. The reconstitution of paleoclimatic conditions attempted through sediments initially and then through the study of biological material (animal bones) from the archaeological excavation of Dispilio. Animal bone and teeth samples subjected to suitable protocols for the extraction of the organic (collagen) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite) phase and then tested to identify any diagenetic events that might affect the paleoclimatic interpretation. Mineralogical methods (SEM, XRF, FTIR) applied to hydroxyapatite samples as well as the C/N ratio calculated for the collagen samples isolating a group of samples that have been affected by the interaction with ambient water and the precipitation of recrystallized apatite. Rest of samples subjected to isotopic analysis; δ18Oc, δ13C for hydroxyapatite and δ15N, δ13C, 14C for collagen samples.

The isotope data δ18Oc, δ13C, δ15N on sediment samples from Dispilio excavated trenches in cross section showed the presence of wetter conditions about 3.5 kyr BP (3.8 cal kyr BP) and 4.7 kyr BP (5.5 cal kyr BP). The period about 2.4 kyr BP (2.5 cal kyr BP) presented δ18O -12.5 ‰ PDB and δ13C -21.7 ‰ PDB values. This pronounced shift to more negative oxygen and carbon isotope values reflected an intense drainage episode under the influence of wetter conditions and/or a strong anthropogenic pressure at the sub-basin of Neolithic settlement of Dispilio. Radiocarbon 14C measurements on collagen and sediment samples updated the literature database and in combination with the stable isotopes demonstrated an activation of stronger sedimentation mechanisms approximately 2.4 kyr BP as a result of deforestation episodes and/or under wetter conditions. Paleoclimatic equations between δ18Oc of animal bone hydroxyapatite and δ18Ow of drinking water were calculated and applied to the different kinds of animals. The vertical growth of drinking water δ18Ow values with respect to depth, and 14C values as resulted from the depth-radiocarbon model, detects a colder episode between 4.1 kyr BP (4.6 cal kyr BP) - 4.7 kyr BP (5.5 cal kyr BP) and then a transition to warmer conditions approximately about 2.4 kyr BP (2.5 cal kyr BP). Nitrogen isotope values for wild boar samples were higher than those of roe deer samples. According to the protein model based on the correlation between δ15N and precipitation regime, collagen samples from wild boar highlighted a diet with protein efficiency ratios of 70:30 mixtures of vegetable:plant protein. Conversely, if we don’t consider the precipitation regime plant and animal protein ratios were calculated 35% and 65% respectively. In addition to demonstrating the basically vegetarian diet of wild boar from Dispilio excavation, it was proved the influence of the precipitation regime on protein model.

 


Πλήρες Κείμενο:

PDF

Αναφορές


Allen, P.A. & Collinson, J.D. 1986. “Lakes”, 63-94, In: Reading, H.G. (ed.), Sedimentary environments and facies. Oxford: Blackwell

Allen, H.D. 1990. “A Postglacial record from the Kopais Basin, Greece”. In Bottema, S., Entjes-Nieborg, G. and van Zeist, W, editors, Man's role in the shaping of the western Mediterranean landscape. Rotterdam: Balkema, 173-82.

Allen, J.R.M., Watts, W.A., McGee, E., Huntley, B., 2002. Holocene environmental variability e the record from Lago Grande di Monticchio, Italy. Quaternary International 88, 69-80.

Alley R. B, Agustsdottir A. M. 2005. The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1123–1149.

Altabet, M. A. and R. Francois. 1994. Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8: 103-116.

Ambrose, S.H., 1991. Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 293-317.

Ambrose, S.H., Norr, L., 1993. Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate, in: J.B. Lambert, G. Grupe (Eds.), Prehistoric Human BonedArchaeology at the Molecular Level, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993, pp. 1-37

Ammerman, A., Biagi, P. (Eds.), 2003. The Widening Harvest. The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Archaeological Institute of America, Boston.

Angerosa, F., Bréas, O., Contento, S., Guillou, C., Reniero, F., & Sada, E., 1999. Application of stable isotope ratio analysis to the characterization of the geographical origin of olive oils. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47: 1013-1017.

Athanasiadis, N., Tonkov, S., Atanassova, J., Bozilova, E., 2000. “Palynological study of Holocene sediments from Lake Doirani in northern Greece”, Journal of Paleoimnology 24, 331-342.

Aufgebauer, A., Panagiotopoulos, K., Wagner, B., Schaebitz, F., Viehberg, F.A., Vogel, H., Zanchetta, G., Sulpizio, R., Leng, M.J., Damaschke, M., 2012. “Climate and environmental change in the Balkans over the last 17 ka recorded in sediments from Lake Prespa (Albania/F.Y.R. of Macedonia/Greece), Quaternary International, 274, pp. 122-135

Ayliffe, L.K., Cerling, T.E., Robinson, T., West, A.G., Sponheimer, M., Passey, B., Hammer, J., Roeder, B., Dearing, D. & Ehleringer, J., 2004. Turnover of carbon isotopes in tail hair and breath CO2 of horses fed an isotopically varied diet. Oecologia 139, 11-12.

Balasse, M., Bocherens, H., Mariotti, A., Ambrose, S.H., 2001. Detection of dietary changes by intra-tooth carbon and nitrogen analysis: an experimental study of dentine collagen of cattle (Bos taurus). J. Archaeol. Sci. 28: 235-245.

Balasse, M., 2002. Reconstructing dietary and environmental history from enamel isotopic analysis: time resolution of intra-tooth sequential sampling, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12, 155-165.

Balasse, M., 2003. Potential biases in sampling design and interpretation of intra-tooth isotope analysis, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13, 3-10.

Balasse, M., Evin, A., Tornero, C., et. al., 2016. Wild, domestic and feral? Investigating the status of suids in the Romanian Gumelniţa (5th mil. cal BC) with biogeochemistry and geometric morphometrics, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 42: 27-36.

Balter V., Bocherens H., Person A., Labourdette N., Renard M., Vandermeersch B., 2002. “Ecological and physiological variability of Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca in mammals of West European mid-Wurmian food webs”, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 186, pp. 127-143

Barker, G., 2006. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., and Kaufman, A., 1997. Late Quaternary paleoclimate in the eastern Mediterranean region from stable isotope analysis of speleothems at Soreq Cave, Israel, Quaternary Res., 47, 155-168.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Kaufman, A., Wasserburg, G.J., 1999. The Eastern Mediterranean paleoclimate as a reflection of regional events: Soreq cave Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 166, 85-95.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Gilmour, M., Matthews, A., and Hawkesworth, C. J., 2003. Sea–land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 3181-3199.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., 2005. Evidence from speleothem for abrupt climatic chantes during the Holocene and their impact on human seetlements in the Eastern Mediterranean region: Dating methods and stable isotope systematics. In Fouache, E. and Pavlopoulos, K. (ed.) Sea level changes in Eastern Mediterranean during Holocene‐ indicators and human impacts. Zeitschrift fur GeomorphologieN.F. Supplement Volume 137, 45-59. Berlin‐Stuttgart.

Barrett, J.H., Richards, M.P., 2004. Identity, gender, religion and economy: new isotope and radiocarbon evidence for marine resource intensification in early historic orkney, Scotland, UK Eur. J. Archaeol., 7, pp. 249-271

Bar-Yosef, O. and Belfer-Cohen, A., 1989. The origins of sedentism and farming communities in the Levant, J. World Prehist., 3, 447-498.

Bayliss, A., Shepherd Popescu, E., Beavan-Athfield, N., Bronk Ramsey, C., Cook, G.T., Locker, A., 2004. The Potential significance of dietary offsets for the interpretation of radiocarbon dates: an archaeologically significant example from medieval Norwich. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 563-575.

Bender, M. M., 1968. Radiocarbon 10, 468-72.

Benito, G., Macklin, M. G., Zielhofer, C., Jones, A. F., and Machado, M. J., 2015. Holocene flooding and climate change in the Mediterranean, Catena, 130, 13-33.

Berger, J.-F., Lespez, L., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Glais, A., Hourani, F., Barra, A., and Guilaine, J., 2016. Interactions between climate change and human activities during the early to mid-Holocene in the eastern Mediterranean basins, Clim. Past, 12, 1847-1877.

Betts, F., Blumenthal, C., Posner, A.S., 1981. Bone mineralization, Journal of Crystal Growth 53, 63-73.

Bigeleisen, J., 1965. Chemistry of isotopes, Science, 147:463-471.

Bocherens H., Fizet M. & Mariotti A., 1994. Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears. P a l a e o g e o g r., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 107: 213-225.

Bocherens, H., Koch, P.L., Mariotti, A., Geraads, D., Jaeger, J., 1996. “Isotopic biogeochemistry (13C, 18O) of mammalian enamel from African Pleistocene hominid sites”, Palaios 11 (4), 306-318

Bocherens, H., Drucker, D., 2003. Reconstructing Neandertal diet from 120.000 to 30.000 BP using carbon and nitrogen isotopic abundances. In: Patou-Mathis, M.,

Bocherens, H. (Eds.), Le Rôle de l’Environnement dans les Comportements des Chasseurs-Cueilleurs Pre´historiques. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1105, pp. 1-7.

Bocherens, H., Drucker, D.G., Billiou, D., Patou-Mathis, M., Vandermeersch, B., 2005. Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model. J. Hum. Evol. 49: 71-87.

Bocherens, H., Polet, C., Toussaint, M., 2007. Palaeodiet of Mesolithic and Neolithic populations of Meuse Basin (Belgium): evidence from stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 10-27

Bocherens H. and Drucker D.G., 2013. “Carbonate Stable Isotopes: Terrestrial Teeth and Bones”, In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition), edited by Scott A. EliasCary J. Mock, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Pages 304-314

Bogaard, A., Heaton, T.H.E., Poulton, P., Merbach, I., 2007. The impact of manuring on nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals: archaeological implications for reconstruction of diet and crop management practices. J. Archaeol. Sci. 24: 335-343.

Bordon, A., Peyron, O., Lézine, A. M., Brewer, S., and Fouache, E., 2009. Pollen-inferred late-glacial and Holocene climate in southern Balkans (Lake Maliq), Quaternary Int., 200, 19-30.

Bottema S., 1979. “Pollen analytical investigations in Thessaly (Greece)”, Palaeohistoria, 21, 19-40

Brayshaw, D. J., Rambeau, C. M., and Smith, S. J., 2011. Changes in Mediterranean climate during the Holocene: Insights from global and regional climate modelling, The Holocene, 21, 15-31.

Bréas, O., Guillou, C., Reniero, F., Sada, E., & Angerosa, F., 1998. Oxygen-18 measurement by continuous flow pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry of vegetable oils. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 12(4): 188-192.

Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T., Bowles, A., Hedges, R., 2004. Improvements to the pre-treatment of bone at Oxford. Radiocarbon 46 (1), 155-163.

Brown, T.A., Nelson, D.E., Vogel, J.S., Southon, J.R., 1988. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 30 (2), 171-177.

Bryant, J. D., Koch, P. L., Froelich, P. N., Showers, W. J., and Genna, B. J., 1996. “Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 24, p. 5145-5148

Butzer, K.W., 2005. “Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross diciplinary investigations of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 1773-1800.

Camacho, N.P., Rinnerthaler, S., Paschalis, E.P., Mendelsohn, R., Boskey, A.L., Fratzl, P., 1999. Complementary information on bone ultrastructure from scanning small angle x-ray scattering and Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy, Bone 25, 287-293.

Canti M, Huisman DJ. 2015. Scientific advances in geoarchaeology during the last twenty years. Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 96-108.

Caut S, Angulo E, Courchamp F., 2009. Variation in discrimination factors (δ15N and δ13C): the effect of diet isotopic values and applications for diet reconstruction. J Appl Ecol 46: 443-45

Cravotta CA., 1997. Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania. U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper 2497, U.S., Geological Survey. Branch of Information Services, Denver

Cerling TE, Harris JM., 1999. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleocogical studies. Oecologia 120: 347-363

Chantzi, P., Poutouki, A. E., and Dotsika, E., 2016. D-O-C Stable Isotopes, 14C Radiocarbon and Radiogenic Isotope Techniques Applied in Wine Products for Geographical Origin and Authentication, Grape and Wine Biotechnology, Prof. Antonio Morata (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/64933

Chapman, B., M. Trani. 2007. Feral Pig (Sus scrofa). Pp. 540-544 in M Trani (Griep), W Ford, B Chapman, eds. The Land Manager’s Guide to Mammals of the South. Durham, NC: The Nature Conservancy and the US Forest Service, Southern Region.

Chatzitoulousis, S. 2008. “Woodworking technology at the Neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria (in Greek with English abstract)”, Anaskamma, 1:93-123

Chourmouziadis, GC, 1996. The prehistoric lakeside settlement of Dispilio (Kastoria). Thessaloniki: Codex.

Chourmouziadis, GC, 2002. “The Dispilio excavations”, In: Chourmouziadis G, editor. Dispilio, 7500 Years after, Thessaloniki: University Studio Press: 11-23. In Greek.

Chourmouziadis, GC, Sofronidou, M., 2007. “Dispilio near Kastoria: the prehistoric lake settlement”, In: Valavanis P. editor, Great Moments in Greek Archaeology, Los Angeles: J Paul Getty Museum, p 272-83.

Cis Van Vuure., 2005. Retracing the Aurochs - History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox.

Clark, I.D., Fritz, P., 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, NY. 328pp.

Cline J. D. and Kaplan I. R., 1975. Isotopic fractionation of dissolved nitrate during denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. Marine Chemistry 3, 271-299.

Coates, J., 2000. Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 10815-10837

Cohen, M.N., 2008. Implications of the NDT for worldwide health and mortality in prehistory. In: Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., Bar-Yosef, O. (Eds.), The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. Springer, New York: 481-500.

Collins, M.J., Galley, P., 1998. Towards an optimal method of archaeological collagen extraction: The influence of pH and grinding. Ancient Biomolecules 2, 209-222.

Colonese, A.C., Zanchetta, G., Dotsika, E., Drysdale, R.N., Fallick, A.E., Grifoni Cremonesi, R., Manganelli, G., 2010. Early Holocene land snail shell stable isotope record from Grotta di Latronico 3 (southern Italy). Journal of Quaternary Science 25 (8), 1347-1359.

Colonese, A.C., Zanchetta, G., Drysdale, R.N., Fallick, A.E., Manganelli, G., Lo, Vetro D., Martini, F., Di Giuseppe, Z., 2011. Stable isotope composition of Late Pleistocene-Holocene Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774) (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) shells from the Central Mediterranean basin: data from Grotta d'Oriente (Favignana, Sicily). Quaternary International 244, 76-87.

Constantin, S., Bojar, A.V., Lauritzen, S.E., Lundberg, J., 2007. Holocene and late Pleistocene climate in the sub-Mediterranean continental environment: a speleothem record from Poleva cave (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243, 322-338.

Coplen, T.B., Kendall, C., Hopple, J., 1983. “Comparison of stable isotope reference samples”, Nature 302, 236-238.

Coplen T. B., 1996. “New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 60, Issue 17, September 1996, Pages 3359-3360

Cormie A.B., Luz B., Schwarcz H.P., 1994. “Relationship between the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of deer bone and their use in the estimation of relative humidity”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 58, Issue 16, Pages 3439-3449

Cormie, A. B. & Schwarcz, H. P., 1995. Effects of climate on deer bone δ15N and δ13C: lack of precipitation effects on δ15N. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 4161-4166.

Craig, H., 1953. The geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 3: 53-92.

Craig, H., 1961. Isotope variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703

Craig, O.E., Biazzo, M., Colonese, A.C., Giuseppe, Z., Martinez-Labarga, C., Vetro, D., Lelli, R., Martini, F., Rickards, O., 2010. Stable isotope analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Grotta del Romito (Cosenza), Italy, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 10, Pages 2504-2512

Dangaard, W., 1964. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16, 436-468.

D’Angela D, Longinelli A., 1990. Oxygen isotopes in living mammal’s bone phosphate: Further results. Chem Geol 86:75-82

Daravinga, K., 2002. “Soil micromorphological approach of a waterlogged Neolithic Lakeside settlement in Dispilio (Kastoria), Greece”. MSc in Palaeoecology of Human Societies. London: University College, Institute of Archaeology.

Darimont, C.T., Reimchen, T.E., 2002. Intra-hair stable isotope analysis implies seasonal shift to salmon in gray wolf diet. Can. J. Zool. 80: 1638-1642

Dawson TE, Brooks PD. 2001. Fundamentals of stable isotope chemistry and measurement. See Unkovich et al. 2001, pp. 1-18

Dawson, T. E., Mambelli, S., Plamboeck, A. H., Templer, P. H., & Tu, K. P., 2002. Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33(1), 507-559

de Menocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., Yarusinsky, M., 2000. Abrupt onset and termination of the Africal Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 19, 347-361.

DeNiro MJ, Epstein S., 1976. You are what you eat (plus a few permil): the carbon isotope cycle in food chains. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 8: 834-835

DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42: 495-506

DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341-351.

DeNiro, M.J., Schoeninger, M.J., 1983. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen: variations within individual, between sexes, and within populations raised on monotonous diets. Journal of Archaeological Science 10, 199-203

DeNiro, M.J., 1985. Postmortem Preservation and Alteration of in vivo Bone Collagen Isotope Ratios in Relation to Paleodietary Reconstruction. Nature 317:806-809.

Denton, G.H., Karlén, W., 1973. Holocene climatic variations - Their pattern and possible cause. Quaternary Res. 3, 155-205.

Desprat, S., Combourieu-Nebout, N., Essallami, L., Sicre, M. A., Dormoy, I., Peyron, O., Siani, G., Bout Roumazeilles, V., and Turon, J. L., 2013. Deglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic changes in the southern Central Mediterranean from a direct land-sea correlation, Clim. Past, 9, 767-787.

Diefendorf AF, Patterson WP, Holmden C, Mullins HT., 2008. Carbon isotopes of marl and lake sediment organic matter reflect terrestrial landscape change during the late Glacial and early Holocene (16.800 to 5.540 cal yr B.P.): a multiproxy study of lacustrine sediments at Lough Inchiquin, western Ireland. J Paleolimnol 39:101-115

Digerfeldt, G., Olsson, S. & Sandgren, P., 2000. “Reconstruction of lake-level changes in lake Xinias, central Greece, during the last 40 000 years”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, 65-82.

Dole, M., Lange, G. A., Rudd, D. P. & Zaukelies, D. A., 1954. “Isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 6, 65–78

Dotsika, E., Lykoudis, S., Poutoukis, D., 2010. Spatial distribution of the isotopic composition of precipitation and spring water in Greece. Glob. Planet. Change 71, 141-149.

Dotsika, E., Zisi, N., Tsoukala, E., Poutoukis, D., Lykoudis, S., Giannakopoulos, A., 2011. “Palaeoclimatic information from isotopic signatures of Late Pleistocene Ursus ingressus bone and teeth apatite (Loutra Arideas Cave, Macedonia, Greece)”, Quaternary International, 245 (2), pp. 291-301

Dorr, H. and Miinnich, K. Ο., 1980. Carbon-14 and carbon-13 in soil CO2. In Stuiver, M. and Kra, R. S., eds., Proceedings of the 10th International 14C Conference. Radiocarbon 22(3): 909-918.

Drucker, D.G., Bridault, A., Iacumin, P. and Bocherens, H., 2009. Bone stable isotopic signatures (15N, 18O) as tracers of temperature variation during the Late-glacial and early Holocene: case study on red deer Cervus elaphus from Rochedane (Jura, France). Geol. J., 44: 593–604

Duhr A., Hilkert A.W., 2004: Application note 30049: Automated H2/H2O Equilibration for δD Determination on Aqueous Samples Using Thermo Scientific GasBench II. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany.

Eastwood, W. J., Leng, M. J., Roberts, N., and Davis, B., 2007. Holocene climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Turkey, J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 327-341.

Ecker M., Bocherens H., Julien M.A., Rivals F., Raynal J.P., Moncel M.H., 2013. “Middle Pleistocene ecology and Neanderthal subsistence: Insights from stable isotope analyses in Payre (Ardèche, southeastern France)”, Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 65, Issue 4, Pages 363-373

Ehleringer, J. R., Hall, A. E., Farquhar, G. D., 1993: Eds. Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1993

Elias, R. W., Hirao, Y., and Patterson, C. C., 1982. “The circumvention of the natural biopurification of calcium along nutrient pathways by atmospheric inputs of industrial lead”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, no. 12, p. 2561-2580

Emeis, K.C., Struck, U., Schulz, H-M., Rosenberg, R., Bernasconi, S., Erlenkeuser, H., Sakamoto, T., Martinez-Ruiz, F., 2000. Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16.000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, 259-280.

Epstein, S., Mayeda, T., 1953. “Variation of 18O content of waters from natural sources”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 4 (5), 213-224

Ericson, J. E., 1985. Strontium isotope characterization in the study of prehistoric human ecology, Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 503-514.

Eriksson, G., Frei, K.M., Howcroft, R., Gummesson, S., Molin, F., Lidén, K., Frei, R., Hallgren, F., 2016. Diet and mobility among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Motala (Sweden) - The isotope perspective, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Available online 3 June 2016, ISSN 2352-409X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.052.

Facorellis, G., & Maniatis, G., 2002. Sample dating results with the method of 14C. In G.C. Hourmouziades (Ed.), Dispilio 7500 years after (pp. 289-294). Thessaloniki: University Studio Press (in Greek).

Farlay D. and Boivin G., 2012. Bone Mineral Quality, Osteoporosis, PhD. Yannis Dionyssiotis (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/29091.

Faure, G., 1986. Principles of Isotope Geology, second edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 589 p.

Finné M, Holmgren K, Sundqvist HS, Weiberg E, Lindblom M., 2011. “Climate in the eastern Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, during the past 6000 years: A review”, J Archaeol Sci., 38 (12), 3153-3173

Fizet, M., Mariotti, A., Bocherens, H., Lange-Badre, B., Vandermeersch, B., Borel, J. P., and Bellon, G., 1995. Effect of diet, physiology and climate on carbon and nitrogen isotopes of collagen in a late Pleistocene anthropic paleoecosystem (France, Charente, Marillac). Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 67-79.

Fletcher, W. J., Debret, M., and Goñi, M. F. S., 2013. Mid-Holocene emergence of a low-frequency millennial oscillation in western Mediterranean climate: implications for past dynamics of the North Atlantic atmospheric westerlies., The Holocene, 23, 153-166.

Fontes et al., 1980. “Environmental isotopes in ground water hydrology”, In: Fritz, P. and Fontes, J. Ch. (Eds.), (1980). Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, vol. 1, Elsevier, New York, pp. 74-140

Fornander, E., Eriksson, G., Lidén, K., 2008. Wild at heart: Approaching Pitted Ware identity, economy and cosmology through stable isotopes in skeletal material from the Neolithic site Korsnäs in Eastern Central Sweden, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 27, Issue 3: 281-297

Francke, A., Wagner, B., Just, J., Leicher, N., Gromig, R., Baumgarten, H., Vogel, H., Lacey, J.H., Sadori, L., Wonik, T., Leng, M.J., Zanchetta, G., Sulpizio, R., Giaccio, B., 2016. “Sedimentological processes and environmental variability at Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania) between 637 ka and the present”, Biogeosciences, 13 (4), pp. 1179-1196

Fraser, R.A., Bogaard, A., Heaton, T., Charles, M., Jones, G., Christensen, B.T., Halstead, P., Merbach, I., Poulton, P.R., Sparkes, D., Styring, A.K., 2011. Manuring and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals and pulses: towards a new archaeobotanical approach to the inference of land use and dietary practices. J. Archaeol. Sci. 28: 2790-2804.

Friedman, I., Smith, G.I., 1970. Deuterium content of snow cores from Sierra Nevada area. Science 169, 467-470.

Friedman, I., and O’Neil, J. R., 1977. Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest: Data of geochemistry. Geological Survey Professional Pap. 440-KK, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Spotl, C., Villa, I., Cucchi, F., 2005. Climate variability in the SE Alps of italy over the past 17 000 years reconstructed from a stalagmite record. Boreas 34, 445-455.

Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Mangini, A., Spötl, C., Madonia, G., and Sauro, U., 2006. Holocene climate variability in Sicily from a discontinuous stalagmite record and the Mesolithic to Neolithic transition, Quaternary Res., 66, 388-400.

Frogley, M.R., Griffiths, H.I., Heaton, T.H.E., 2001. Historical biogeography and late Quaternary environmental change of Lake Pamvotis, Ioannina (north-western Greece): evidence from ostracods. Journal of Biogeography 28, 745-756.

Fouache, E., Desrulles, S., Magny, M., Bordon, A., Oberweiler, C., Coussot, C., Touchais, G., Lera, P., Lézine, A.-M., Fadin, L., Roger, R., 2010. Palaeogeographical reconstructions of Lake Maliq (Korça Basin, Albania) between 14,000 BP and 2000 BP. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 525-535.

Fuchs, M., 2007. “An assessment of human versus climatic impacts on Holocene soil erosion in NE Peloponnese, Greece”, Quaternary Research, 67, 349-356.

Garvie-Lok, S.J., Varney, T.L., Katzenberg, M.A., 2004. Preparation of bone carbonate for stable isotope analysis: The effects of treatment time and acid concentration. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 763-776.

Gat JR, Lister GS., 1995. The “catchment effect” on the isotopic composition of lake waters; its importance in palaeolimnological interpretations. In: Frenzel B (ed.) Problems of Stable Isotopes in Tree-Rings, Lake Sediments and Peat-Bogs as Climatic Evidence for the Holocene, vol. 15, ch. 1, pp. 1–16. Stuttgart, Germany: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.

Genoni, L., Iacumin, P., Nikolaev, V., Gribchenko, Y., Longinelli, A., 1998. “Oxygen isotope measurements of mammoth and reindeer skeletal remains: an archive of Late Pleistocene environmental conditions in Eurasian Arctic”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 160 (3-4), 587-592

Ghilardi. M et al., 2012. “The impact of rapid early- to mid-Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes on Neolithic settlement at Nea Nikomideia, Thessaloniki Plain, Greece,” Quaternary International 206, 47-61.

Gómez-Paccard, M., Larrasoaña, J. C., Sancho, C., Muñoz, A., Mc-Donald, E., Rhodes, E. J., and Beamud, E., 2013. Environmental response of a fragile, semiarid landscape (Bardenas Reales Natural Park, NE Spain) to Early Holocene climate variability: A paleo-and environmental-magnetic approach, Catena, 103, 30-43.

Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., and Kramers, J., 2011. Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 2433-2445.

Goude, G., Fontugne, M., 2016. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic variability in bone collagen during the Neolithic period: Influence of environmental factors and diet, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 70: 117-131

Greig J.R.A., Turner J., 1974. “Some pollen diagrams from Greece and their archaeological significance”, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 1, Issue 2, June 1974, Pages 177-194

Gröcke, D.R., 1997. Stable-isotope studies on the collagenic and hydroxylapatite components of fossils: Palaeoecological implications, Lethaia 30, 65-78.

Gröcke, D. R., Bocherens, H. & Mariotti, A., 1998. Annual rainfall and nitrogen-isotope correlation in macropod collagen: Application as a palaeoprecipitation indicator. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153, 279-286.

Gronenborn, D., 2009. Transregional Culture Contacts and the Neolithisation Process in Northern Central Europe. In: Ceramics before Farming: the Origins and Dispersal of Pottery among Hunter-Gatherers of Northern Eurasia from 16000 BP. London: University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications (Left Coast Press)

Jahren, A.H., Todd, L.C., Amundson, R.G., 1998. Stable isotope dietary analysis of bison bone samples from the Hudson-Meng bonebed: effects of paleotopography, Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 465-475.

Halstead, P., 1996. The development of agriculture and pastoralism in Greece: when, how, who and what? In D. H. Harris (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 296–309. London: University of London Press.

Hays, P.D., Grossman, F.I., 1991. “Oxygen isotopes in meteoric calcite cements as indicators of continental palaeoclimate”. Geology 19, 441-444.

Heaton, T.H., Vogel, J.C., von la Chevallerie, G., Collett, G., 1986. Climatic influence on the isotopic composition of bone nitrogen. Nature 322: 822-823

Heaton, T.H.E., 1987. The 15N/14N ratios of plants in South Africa and Namibia: relationship to climate and coastal/saline environments. Oecologia 74, 236-246

Hedges, R.E.M., 2002. Bone diagenesis: An overview of processes. Archaeometry 44, 319-328

Hedges., R.E.M., 2003. On bone collagen-apatite carbonate isotopic relationships. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13, 66-9.

Hedges, R.E.M., Clement, J.G., Thomas, C.D.L., O’ Connel, T.C., 2007a. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: modeled form anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133 (2): 808-816.

Hedges, R.E.M., Reynard, L.M., 2007b. Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34: 1240-1251.

Heenan D. P., Campbell L. C., 1983. “Manganese and iron interactions on their uptake and distribution in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”, Plant Soil 70:317–326

Hershkovitz, I., Gopher, A., 2008. Demographic, biological and cultural aspects of the Neolithic revolution: a view from the Southern Levant. In: Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., Bar-Yosef, O. (Eds.), The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. Springer, New York: 441-479.

Herz, N., & Garrison, E. G., 1998. “Geological methods in archaeology”, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

Hilkert A.W., Avak H., 2004: Application note 30048: 18O-Equilibration on Water, Fruit Juice and Wine Using Thermo Scientific GasBench II . Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany

Hoefs J., 2009. Stable isotope geochemistry. Sixth ed. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-286.

Honch, N.V., Higham, T.F.G., Chapman, J., Gaydarska, B., Hedges, R.E.M., 2006. A paleodietary investigation of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) in human

and faunal bones from the Copper Age cemeteries of Varna I and Duankulak, Bulgaria. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (11), 1493-1504.

Hoppe, K.A., 2006. Correlation between the oxygen isotope ratio of North American bison teeth and local waters: implication for paleoclimatic reconstructions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244 (1-2), 408-417.

Hudson, J. D. 1977: Stable isotopes and limestone lithification. Journal of the Geological Society of London 133: 637-660.

Iacumin, P., Bocherens, H., Mariotti, A., Longinelli, A., 1996. “Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate?”, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142: 1-6.

Iacumin, P., Longinelli, A., 2002. Relationship between δ18O values for skeletal apatite from reindeer and foxes and yearly mean δ18O values of environmental water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201 (1), 213-219.

Ingraham, N.L., 1998. Isotopic variations in precipitation. In: Kendall, C., McDonnell, J. (Eds.), Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 87-118.

Isaksson, H., Turunen, M. J., Rieppo, L., Saarakkala, S., Tamminen, I. S., Rieppo, J., et al., 2010. Infrared Spectroscopy Indicates Altered Bone Turnover and Remodeling Activity in Renal Osteodystrophy. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25(6), 1360-1366.

Jahns, S., 1993. “On the Holocene vegetation history of the Argive Plain (Peloponnese, southern Greece)”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2, 187-203.

Jay, M., Richards, M.P., 2006. Diet in the Iron Age cemetery population at Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire, UK: carbon and nitrogen stable isotope evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 653-662.

Jones, A.M., O’Connell, T.C., Young, E.D., Scott, K., Buckingham, C.M., Iacumin, P., Brasier, M.D., 2001. Biogeochemical data from well preserved 200 ka collagen and skeletal remains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 193 (1-2), 143-149.

Jørkov, M.L.S., 2002. Dining with the Romans during the Imperial period. A study based on stable isotope analysis. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of Bradford.

Karl D., Letelier R., Tupas L., Dore J., Christian J., and Hebel D., 1997. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 388, 533-538.

Karkanas, P., 2002. “Micromorphological studies in greek Prehistoric sites: the new insights in the interpretation of the archaeological record”, Geoarchaeology: an international journal, 17/3, 237-259

Katzenberg, M.A., 2000. Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet, demography, and life history. In: Katzenberg, M.A., Saunders, S.R. (Eds.), Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 305-327.

Keaveney, E. M., Reimer, P. J., 2012. Understanding the variability in freshwater radiocarbon reservoir offsets: a cautionary tale, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 39, Issue 5: 1306-1316

Keegan, W.F., 1989. Stable isotope analysis of prehistoric diet. In: _Is xcan, M.Y., Kennedy, K.A.R. (Eds.), Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 223-236.

Keeling C. D., 1961. The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in rural and marine air. Cheochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 24Q 277-298

Kendall, C. & Caldwell. E.A., 1998. Fundamentals of isotope geochemistry. In: lsotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (Eds C. Kendall & J.J. McDonneJl), pp. 51-86. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Keramopoulos, A., 1932. Excavations and investigations at Upper Macedonia, Archaeologiki Ephemeris: 48-133. In Greek.

Kierdorf U., Stoffels D., Kierdorf H., 2014. “Element Concentrations and Element Ratios in Antler and Pedicle Bone of Yearling Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) Stags-a Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Study”, Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 162, Issue (1-3), 124-133

Kim ST and O’Neil JR, 1997. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61: 3461-3475

Koch, T. L., Koren, U., Gnall, R. P., Choa, F.S., Hernandez-Gil, R., Burrus, C.A. et al, 1989. Electron. Letts., 25, 1621-1622.

Koch, P.L., Tuross, N., Fogel, M.L., 1997. The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite, Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 417-429.

Koch, P.L., 1998. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 26, 573-613.

Kohn, M. J., Schoeninger, M. J. & Valley, J. W., 1996. Herbivore tooth oxygen isotope compositions: effects of diet and physiology. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 3889–3896.

Kohn MJ and Welker JM, 2005. On the temperature correlation of delta O-18 in modern precipitation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231: 87-96.

Kotthoff, U., Pross, J., Müller, U. C., Peyron, O., Schmiedl, G., Schulz, H., and Bordon, A., 2008. Climate dynamics in the borderlands of the Aegean Sea during formation of sapropel S1 deduced from a marine pollen record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 832-845.

Kouli, K., 2002. Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological reconstruction of the area of the Dispilió Neolithic lake settlement, Lake Kastoria. Ph.D. thesis, University of Athens. Published in GAIA 17 (2007)

Kouli, K., 2007. “Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological reconstruction of the area of the Neolithic lake settlement Dispilio in Lake Kastoria”, Gaia, 17, Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment.

Kouli K, Dermitzakis MD., 2008. “Natural and cultural landscape of the Neolithic settlement of Dispilio: palynological results”, Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 43:29 - 39.

Kroopnick, P. & Craig, H., 1972. “Atmospheric oxygen: isotopic composition and solubility fractionation”. Science 175, 54–55

Krueger, H.W., Sullivan, C.H., 1984. Models for carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone, American Chemical Society Symposium Series 258, 205-222.

Krueger, H. W., 1991. Exchange of carbon with biological apatite, Journal of Archaeological Science, 18, 355-61.

Kuhnt, T., Schmiedl, G., Ehrmann, W., Hamann, Y., Andersen, N., 2008. Stable isotopic composition of Holocene benthic foraminifers from the eastern Mediterranean sea: past changes in productivity and deep water oxygenation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 268, 106-115.

Kuzman, P., 2010a. Important Archaeological Explorations.

http://www.ohrid.com.mk/archaeology/archaeology.asp?ID=381 (accessed 08.03.11).

Kuzman, P., May/June 2010b. Plaoshnik-Ohrid. Macedonian Archaeological News Number 7, II, 2010. Electronic newsletter, joint project of the Cultural Heritage Protection Office of the Republic of Macedonia and the Institute for Social Sciences and Humanities Euro-Balkan.

Kuzucuoğlu, C., 2014. Contextes régionaux du Néolithique en Anatolie: aspects environnementaux et chronologiques, in: La géoarchéologie française au XXIe siècle/French geoarcheology in the 21st century, edited by: Carcaud, N. and Arnaud-Fassetta, G., CNRS Press, Paris, 131-146.

Lamb H. H. 1977. Climate: Present, Past and Future. Methuen. London.

Lamb H. H. 1995. Climate, History and the Modern World. Methuen. London.

Land, L.S., Lundelius E.L., Valastro S., 1980. Isotopic ecology of deer bones, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 32, 143-151.

Landais A., Barkan E., Yakir D., Luz B., 2006. “The triple isotopic composition of oxygen in leaf water”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 70, Issue 16, Pages 4105-4115

Lawson I., 2001. “The late glacial and Holocene environmental history of Greece”, Ph.D Thesis, University of Cambridge.

Lawson I., Frogley M., Bryant C., Preece R., Tzedakis P., 2004. “The Lateglacial and Holocene environmental history of the Ioannina basin, north-west Greece”, Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 23, Issues 14–15, Pages 1599-1625

Le, H., Stuart-Williams, Q., Schwarcz, H.P., White, C.D., Spence, M.W., 1996. The isotopic composition and diagenesis of human bone from Teotihuacan and Oaxaca, Mexico, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 126, 1-14.

Lee-Thorp, J. A., and van der Merwe, N. J., 1987, Carbon isotope analysis of fossil bone apatite, South African Journal of Science, 83, 712-15

Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sealy, J. C., & Van Der Merwe, N. J., 1989. Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16(6), 585-599.

Lee-Thorp, J.A., N.J. van der Merwe, 1991. Aspects of the chemistry of modern and fossil biological apatites, Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 343-354.

Lee-Thorp JA, van der Merwe NJ, Brain CK. 1994. Diet of Australopithecus robustus at Swartkrans from stable carbon isotopic analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 27: 361-372.

Lee-Thorp, J.A., Manning, L., Sponheimer, M., 1997. Problems of and prospects for carbon isotope analysis of very small samples of tooth enamel, Bulletin de la Société gélogique de la France 168, 767-773

Lee-Thorp, J.A., 2000. Preservation of biogenic carbon isotopic signals in Plio-Pleistocene bone and tooth mineral, in: S. Ambrose, M.A. Katzenberg (Eds.), Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 89-115.

Lee-Thorp, J. A., 2008. On isotopes and old bones. Archaeometry, 50, 925-950.

LeGeros, R.Z., 1991. Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine, Monographs in Oral Science 15, Karger, Basel.

Li, H. C., and T. L. Ku. 1997. δ13C–δ18O covariance as a paleohydrological indicator for closed-basin lakes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 133:69-80.

Lidén, K., Takahashi, C., Nelson, D.E., 1995. The effects of lipids in stable isotope analysis and the effects of NaOH treatment on the composition of extracted bone collagen. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 321-326.

Lidén, K., Angerbjörn, A., 1999. Dietary change and stable isotopes: a model of growth and dormancy in cave bears. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B 266 (1430): 1779-1783.

Liu K.-K., Su M.-J., Hsueh C.-R., and Gong G.-C., 1996. The nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate in the Kuroshio Water northeast of Taiwan: evidence for nitrogen fixation as a source of isotopically light nitrate. Marine Chemistry 54, 279-292.

Lillie, M., Budd, C., Potekhina, I., 2011. Stable isotope analysis of prehistoric populations from the cemeteries of the Middle and Lower Dnieper Basin, Ukraine, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 57-68

Livingstone DM and Lotter AF, 1999. The relationship between air and water temperatures in lakes of the Swiss Plateau: A case study with palæolimnological implications. Journal of Paleolimnology 19: 181-198.

Lohmann, K. C. 1988: Geochemical patterns of meteoric diagenetic systems and their application to paleokarst. In: Choquette, P. W.; James, N. P. ed. Paleokarst. New York, Springer Verlag. Pp. 58-80.

Longinelli, A., 1984. “Oxygen isotopes in mammal bone phosphate: a new tool for paleohydrological and paleoclimatological research? ”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 2, p. 385-390.

Longinelli, A., 1996. “Pre-Quaternary isotope palaeoclimatological and palaeoenvironmental studies: Science or artifact?”, Chemical Geology, 129 (1-2), pp. 163-166.

Longinelli A., Deganello S., 1999. Introduzione alla Geochimica, Utet, Turin

Longinelli, A. and Selmo, E., 2011. “δ18O values of Sus scrofa blood water and bone phosphate; a marked discrepancy between domestic and wild specimens”,

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 25: 3732-3734.

Lovell, N.C., Nelson, D.E., Schwarcz, H.P., 1986. Carbon isotope ratios in palaeodiet: Lack of age or sex effect. Archaeometry 28, 51-55.

Luz, B., Kolodny, Y., and Horowitz, M., 1984. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes between mammalian bone-phosphate and environmental drinking water, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1689-93.

Luz B., Cormie A. B., H. P. Schwarcz H. P., 1990. “Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of deer bones”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 54, Issue 6, ages 1723-1728

Magny, M., 2004. Holocene climate variability as reflected by mid-European lake-level fluctuations and its probable impact on prehistoric human settlement, Quaternary Int., 113, 65-79.

Magny, M., Vannière, B., Zanchetta, G., Fouache, E., Touchais, G., Petrika, L., Coussot, C., Walter-Simonnet, A.V., Arnaud, F., 2009. Possible complexity of the climatic event around 4300–3800 cal BP in the central and western Mediterranean. The Holocene 19, 823-833.

Magafa, M., 2002. The archaeo-botanical study of the settlement, in Dispilio. In: Chourmouziadis G, editor. Dispilio, 7500 Years after, Thessaloniki: University Studio Press. In Greek: 115-134 M., 2002. “The archaeological study of the settlement”, In: Hourmouziades, G.C., Dispilio 7500 years after. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press (in Greek)

Makarewicz, C., Tuross, N., 2006. Foddering by Mongolian pastoralists is recorded in the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes of caprine dentinal collagen. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33: 862-870.

Makarewicz, C.A., 2014. Winter pasturing practices and variable fodder provisioning detected in nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes in sheep dentinal collagen. J. Archaeol. Sci. 41: 502-510.

Mariotti A., Germon J. C., Hubert P., Kaiser P., Letolle R., Tardieux A., and Tardieux P., 1981. Experimental determination of nitrogen kinetic isotope fractionation: some principles; illustration for the denitrification and nitrification processes. Plant and Soil 62, 413-430.

Martin, C., Bentaleb, I., Kaandorp, R., Iacumin, P., Chatri, K., 2008. “Intra-tooth study of modern rhinoceros enamel δ18O: is the difference between phosphate and carbonate δ18O a sound diagenetic test? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266 (3-4), 183-189

Masters PM., 1987. Preferential preservation of non-collagenous protein during bone diagenesis: implications for chronometric and stable isotopic measurements. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:3209-3214

Maurer A. F., Person A., Tütken T., Amblard-Pison S., Ségalen L., 2014. “Bone diagenesis in arid environments: An intra-skeletal approach”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 416, Pages 17-29

Mayewski, P., Rohling, E. E., Stager, J. C., Karlé, W., Maasch, K., Meeker, L. D., Meyerson, E. A., Gasse, F., van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G.,

Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., Schneider, R., and Steig, E. J., 2004. Holocene climate variability, Quaternary Res., 62, 243-255.

Melis, C., P. Szafranska, B. Jedrzejewska, K. Barton. 2006. “Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia”, Journal of Biogeography, 33/5: 803-811

Melphos, V., Stratoulis, G., 2002. “The Dispilio excavations”, In: Chourmouziadis G, editor. Dispilio, 7500 Years after, Thessaloniki: University Studio Press. In Greek.

Migowski, C., Stein, M., Prasad, S., Negendank, J., Agnon, A., 2006. Holocene climate variability and cultural evolution in the Near East from the Dead Sea sedimentary record, Quaternary Research, Volume 66, Issue 3, Pages 421-431

Minagawa, M., Wada, E., 1984. Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48: 1135-1140.

Moore, C. H. 1989. Carbonate diagenesis and porosity. Developments in sedimentology 46. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Moosavi, A. A. and Ronaghi A., 2011. “Influence of foliar and soil applications of iron and manganese on soybean dry matter yield and iron-manganese relationship in a Calcareous soil [online]”, Australian Journal of Crop Science, Vol. 5, No. 12: 1550-1556

Naeher S., Gilli A., North R. P., Hamann Y., chubert C. J., 2013. “Tracing bottom water oxygenation with sedimentary Mn/Fe ratios in Lake Zurich, Switzerland”, Chemical Geology, Volume 352, Pages 125-133

Nelson BK, DeNiro MJ, Schoeninger MJ, De Paolo DJ. 1986. Effects of diagenesis on strontium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen concentration and isotopic composition of bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50: 1941–1949.

Nielsen-Marsh, C.M., Hedges, R.E.M., 1997. Dissolution experiments on modern and diagenetically altered bone and the effect on the infrared splitting factor, Bulletin de la Société gélogique de la France 168, 485-490.

Nielsen-Marsh, C.M., Hedges, R.E.M., 2000a. Patterns of diagenesis in bone I: The effects of site environments, Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 1139-1150.

Nielsen-Marsh, C.M., Hedges, R.E.M., 2000b. Patterns of diagenesis in bone II: Effects of acetic acid treatment and the removal of diagenetic CO23-, Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 1151-1159.

Noe-Nygaard, N. 1988. δ13C-values of dog bones reveal the nature of changes in Man’s food resources at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, Denmark. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section) 73, 87-96.

Noe-Nygaard N., Price T.D., Ulfeldt Hede S., 2005. “Diet of aurochs and early cattle in southern Scandinavia: evidence from 15N and 13C stable isotopes”, Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 855-872

Ntinou, M., 2002. La paleovegetación en el Norte de Grecia desde el Tardiglaciar hasta el Atlántico. Formaciones Vegetales, Recursos y Usos. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series

Nyquist, R. A., Putzig, C. L., & Leugers, M. A., 1997. The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts (Vol. 1 and 4). San Diego, USA: Academic Press.

O'Connell T.C. and Hedges R.E., 1999. Investigations into the effect of diet on modern human hair isotopic values. Am J Phys Anthropol, 108(4), 409-425.

Oelze, V. M., Siebert, A., Nicklisch, N., Meller, H., Dresely, V., Alt, K. W., 2011. Early Neolithic diet and animal husbandry: stable isotope evidence from three Linearbandkeramik (LBK) sites in Central Germany, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 38, Issue 2: 270-279

O’Leary MH, 1988. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. BioScience 38: 328-336

Oldfield, F., Asioli, A., Accorsi, C.A., Mercuri, A.M., Juggins, S., Langone, L., Rolph, T., Trincardi, F., Wolff, G., Gibbs, Z., Vigliotti, L., Frignani, M., Van Der Post, K., Branch, N., 2003. A high resolution late Holocene palaeo environmental record from the central Adriatic Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 319-342.

Owens N. J. P., 1987. Marine variation in 15N. Advances in Marine Biology 24, 390-451

Panagiotopoulos, K., Aufgebauer, A., Schäbitz, F., Wagner, B., 2013. “Vegetation and climate history of the Lake Prespa region since the Lateglacial”, Quaternary International, 293, pp. 157-169

Papathanasiou A. and Richards M. P., 2015. Summary: Patterns in the Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data through Time. In: Papathanasiou A., Richards M. P. and Fox S. C. (Eds) Archaeodiet in the Greek World: Dietary Reconstruction from Stable Isotope Analysis, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Park, R. & Epsteins, 1960. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Geochim. et. cosmoch. Acta, 21, 110.

Passey, B.H., Robinson, T.F., Ayliffe, L.K., Cerling, T.E., Sphonheimer, M., Dearing, M.D., Roeder, B.L., Ehleringer, J.R., 2005. “Carbon isotope fractionation between diet, breath CO2, and bioapatite in different mammals”, Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (10), 1459-1470.

Pate F. D., Hutton J. T., 1988. “The use of soil chemistry data to address post-mortem diagenesis in bone mineral”, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 15, Issue 6, Pages 729-739

Pate F. D., Hutton J. T., Norrish K., 1989. “Ionic exchange between soil solution and bone: toward a predictive model”, Applied Geochemistry, Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 303-316

Peyron, O., Goring, S., Dormoy, I., Kotthoff, U., Pross, J., De Beaulieu, J. L., and Magny, M., 2011. Holocene seasonality changes in the central Mediterranean region reconstructed from the pollen sequences of Lake Accesa (Italy) and Tenaghi Philippon (Greece), The Holocene, 21, 131-146.

Phoca-Cosmetatou N., 2008. The terrestrial economy of a lake settlement: A preliminary report on the faunal assemblage from the first phase of occupation of Dispilio (Kastoria, Greece), Anaskamma 2, 47-67, Thessaloniki Greece

Pilaar Birch SE, Miracle PT, Stevens RE, O’Connell TC., 2016. Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Migratory Behavior of Ungulates Using Isotopic Analysis of Tooth Enamel and Its Effects on Forager Mobility. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0155714.

Pollard, M., 1993. "Tales Told by Dry Bones", Chemistry and Industry, 359-362

Porter, S.C., Denton, G.H., 1967. Chronology of neoglaciation in the north American Cordillera. Am. J. Sci. 265, 177-210.

Post DM., 2002. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology 83: 703-718

Pross, J., Kotthoff, U., Müller, U. C., Peyron, O., Dormoy, I., Schmiedl, G., and Smith, A. M., 2009. Massive perturbation in terrestrial ecosystems of the Eastern Mediterranean region associated with the 8.2 kyr BP climatic event, Geology, 37, 887-890.

Rackham, O., Moody, J., 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Manchester University Press, Manchester.

Raco, B., Dotsika, E., Poutoukis, D., Battaglini, R., Chantzi, P., 2015: O–H–C isotope ratio determination in wine in order to be used as a fingerprint of its regional origin, Food Chemistry, Volume 168, 1 February 2015, Pages 588-594, ISSN 0308-8146

Rehren, Th., Connolly, P., Schibille, N., Schwarzer, H., 2015. Changes in glass consumption in Pergamon (Turkey) from Hellenistic to late Byzantine and Islamic times. Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 55: 266-279

Reitsema, L.J., 2013. Beyond diet reconstruction: stable isotope applications to human physiology, health and nutrition. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25: 445-456

Reitz E.J. and Shackley M, 2012. “Environmental Archaeology, Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique”, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3339-2_12, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

Renard. J. 1995. Le Peloponnese au Bronze Ancien, Aegaeum 13 (Liѐge and Austin, Texas).

Renssen, H., Seppä, H., Heiri, O., Roche, D.M., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., 2009. The spatial and temporal complexitiy of the Holocene thermal maximum. Nat. Geosci. 2, 411-414.

Repussard, A., Schwarcz, H.P., Emery, K.F., Kennedy Thornton, E., 2014. “Oxygen isotope from Maya archaeological deer remains: Experiments in tracing droughts using bones”, In: Iannone, G. (Ed.), The great Maya droughts in cultural context, University of Colorado Press, Boulder, pp. 231-253

Rey, C., Collins, B., Goehl, T., Dickson, I.R., Glimcher, M.J., 1989. The carbonate environment in bone mineral: A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy study, Calcified Tissue International 45, 157-164.

Rey, C., Renugopalakrishnan, V., Shimizu, M., Collins, B., Glimcher, M.J., 1991. A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the environment of the CO32- ion in the mineral phase of enamel during its formation and maturation, Calcified Tissue International 49, 259-268.

Rey, C.; Combes, C.; Drouet, C. & Glimcher, M. J., 2009. Bone mineral: update on chemical composition and structure. Osteoporos Int, Vol.20, No.6, pp. 1013-1021.

Richards, M.P., Hedges, R.E.M., Molleson, T.I., Vogel, J.C., 1998. Stable isotope analysis reveals variation in human diet at the Poundbury Camp cemetery site. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 1247-1252.

Richards, M.P., Trinkaus, E., 2009. Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (38): 16034-16039.

Richerson GB, Wang WG, Tiwari J, Bradley SR., 2001. Chemosensitivity of serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla. Resp Physiol 129: 175-189.

Rindos, D., 1984. The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutional Approach. Orlando: Academic Press.

Roberts, N., Jones, M. D., Benkaddour, A., Eastwood, W. J., Filippi, M. L., Frogley, M. R., and Stevens, L., 2008. Stable isotope records of Late Quaternary climate and hydrology from Mediterranean lakes: the ISOMED synthesis, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 2426-2441.

Roberts, N., Eastwood, W. J., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Fiorentino, G., and Caracuta, V., 2011. Climatic, vegetation and cultural change in the eastern Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene environmental transition, The Holocene, 21, 147-162.

Robinson, S. A., Black, S., Sellwood, B. W., and Valdes, P. J.: A., 2006. review of palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5000 years BP: setting the environmental background for the evolution of human civilisation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 1517-1541.

Rogers, J. C., 1997. North Atlantic storm track variability and its association to the North Atlantic Oscillation and climate variability of northern Europe, J. Clim., 10, 1635-1647.

Rohling, E., Mayewski, P., Abu-Zied, R., Casford, J., and Hayes, A., 2002. Holocene atmosphere-ocean interactions: records from Greenland and the Aegean Sea, Clim. Dynam., 18, 587-593.

Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., and Grant, K. M., 2015. Mediterranean climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic events (sapropels), Earth-Sci. Rev., 143, 62-97.

Rosvold, J., Halley, D.J., Hufthammer, A.K., Minagawa, M., Andersen, R., 2010. The rise and fall of wild boar in a northern environment: evidence from stable isotopes and subfossil finds. Holocene, 1113-1121.

Rowley-Conwy, P.A., Layton, R., 2011. Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 366, 849-862.

Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., Gonfiantini, R., 1992. Relation between long term trends of oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and climate. Science 258, 981-985.

Rozanski, K., Araguás-Araguás, L., & Gonfiantini, R., 1993. Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation. In Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (pp. 1–36). American Geophysical Union.

Sachs J. P. and Repeta D. J., 1999. Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during eastern Mediterranean sapropels events. Science 286, 2485-2488.

Safont S., Malgosa A., Subirà M.E., Gilbert J., 1998. “Can trace elements in fossils provide information about palaeodiet?”, Int. J. Osteoarchaeol., 8, pp. 23-37

Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL., 2004. “Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends”, Macromol. Biosci. 4:743

Saliѐge, JF., Person, A., Paris, F., 1995. Preservation of 13C/12C original ratio and 14C dating of the mineral fraction of human bones from Saharan tombs, Niger, Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 301-302.

Schley, L., T. Roper. 2003. Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Review, 33/1: 43-56.

Schoeninger, M.J. and Denircim, J., 1982. Carbon isotope ratios of apatite from fossil bone cannot be used to reconstruct diets of animals. Natltre 297, 577-578.

Schoeninger, M. J., M. J. DeNiro and H. Tauber, 1983: "15N/14N Ratios of Bone Collagen Reflect Marine and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Diets", Science 220, 1381-1383.

Schoeninger, M.J., DeNiro, M.J., 1984. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48: 625-639.

Schoeninger, M.J., Moor, K.M., Murray, M.L., Kingston, J.D., 1989. Detection of bone preservation in archaeological and fossil samples. Applied Geochemistry 4, 281-292

Schwarcz, H.P., Melbye, J., Katzenberg, M.A., Knyf, M., 1985. Stable isotopes in human skeletons of Southern Ontario: reconstructing palaeodiet, Journal of Archaeological Science 12, 187-206

Schwarcz P.H., Dupras L.T., Fairgrieve I.S., 1999. 15N Enrichment in the Sahara: In search of a global relationship. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 629-636

Sealy, J.C. & Van der Merwe, N.J. 1985. Isotope Assessment of Holocene Human Diets in the South-Western Cape, South Africa. Nature 315: 138-140.

Sealy, J. C. & Van Der Merwe, N. J. 1986. Isotope Assessment and the Seasonal-Mobility Hypothesis in the Southwestern Cape of South Africa. Current Anthropology 27(2): 135-150.

Sealy, J. C., van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J. A. L. & Lanham, J. L., 1987. Nitrogen isotope ecology in southern Africa: implications for environmental and dietary tracing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 2707-2717.

Sealy, J.C., 2006. Diet, Mobility, and Settlement Pattern among Holocene Hunter-Gatherers in Southernmost Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 47, 569-595.

Semal, P., Orban, R., 1995. Collagen extraction from recent and fossil bones: Quantitative and qualitative aspects. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 463-467.

Seppä H., Birks H. J. B., Giesecke T., Hammarlund D., Alenius T., Antonsson K., Bjune A. E., Heikkila M., MacDonald G. M., Ojala A. E. K., Telford R. J. and Veski S. 2007. “Spatial structure of the 8200 cal yr BP event in northern Europe”, Climate of the Past, 3, 225-236.

Siegenthaler, U., and H. Oeschger. 1980. Correlation of 18O in precipitation with temperature and altitude. Nature 285:189-223.

Sigman D. M., Altabet M. A., McCorkle D. C., Francois R., and Fischer G., 1999. The δ15N of nitrate in the Southern Ocean: Consumption of nitrate in surface waters. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(4), 1149-1166.

Sillen A., 1992. “Strontium–calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) of Australopithecus robustus and associated fauna from Swartkrans”, J. Hum. Evol., 23, pp. 495–516

Sillen, A., Lee-Thorp, J.A., 1994. Trace element and isotopic aspects of predator-prey relationship in terrestrial foodwebs, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 107, 243-255

Sjögren, K.-G., Douglas Price, T., 2013. A complex Neolithic economy: isotope evidence for the circulation of cattle and sheep in the TRB of western Sweden, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 690-704

Skinner HCW, 2013. “Mineralogy of bones”, In: Selinus O, Alloway B, Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley P (eds) Essentials of medical geology, revised edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 665-687

Solomina, O., Bradley, R., Hodgson, D., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jomelli, V., Mackintosh, A., Nesje, A., Owen, L., Wanner, H., Wiles, G., Young, N., 2015. Holocene glacier fluctuations, Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 111, Pages 9-34.

Somerville LH, Wagner DD, Wig GS, Moran JM, Whalen PJ, Kelley WM., 2013. Interactions between transient and sustained neural signals support the generation and regulation of anxious emotion. Cereb Cortex 23:49-60

Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Roeder, B., Hammer, J., Passey, B., West, A., Cerling, T., Dearing, D., Ehleringer, J., 2003a. Nitrogen isotopes in mammalian herbivores: hair δ15N values from a controlled feeding study. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 13: 80-87.

Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Passey, B., Roeder, B., Shipley, L., Lopez, E., Cerling, T., Dearing, D., Ehleringer, J., 2003b. An experimental study of carbon isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores. Can. J. Zool. 81: 871-876

Sponheimer M., Lee-Thorp J.A., 2006. “Enamel diagenesis at South African Australopith sites: Implications for paleoecological reconstruction with trace elements”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (7), pp. 1644-1654

Stevens, L.R., Ito, E., Schwalb, A., Wright, H.E., 2006. “Timing of atmospheric precipitation in the Zagros Mountains inferred from a multi-proxy record from Lake Mirabad, Iran”, Quaternary Research, 66, 494-500.

Stott, A.W., Evershed, R.P., 1996. δ13C analysis of cholesterol preserved in archaeological bones and teeth. Analytical Chemistry 68, 4402-4408.

Szpak, P., 2014. Complexities of nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in plant-soil systems: implications for the study of ancient agricultural and animal management practices. Front. Plant Sci. 5: 288.

Sullivan, C.H., Krueger, H.W., 1981. Carbon isotope analysis of separate phases in modern and fossil bone. Nature 292, 333-335.

Sullivan, C.H., Krueger, H.W., 1983. Carbon isotope ratios of bone apatite and animal diet reconstruction. Nature 301, 177.

Talbot, M.R. and Kelts, K., 1990. Paleolimnological signatures from carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in carbonates from organic carbon-rich lacustrine sediments. In Katz, B.J. (ed.), Lacustrine Basin Exploration: Case Studies and Modern Analogues. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 50:99-112.

Talbot, M.R., Lærdal, T., 2000. The late Pleistocene Holocene of Lake Victoria, East Africa, based upon elemental and isotopic analyses of sedimentary organic matter. J. Paleoclimat. 23, 141-164.

Tauber, H., 1981. 13C evidence for dietary habits of prehistoric man in Denmark. Nature 292, 332-333.

Taylor, RE, 1987. Dating techniques in archaeology and paleoanthropology. Analytical Chemistry 59: 317A-331A.

Teller, J. T., Leverington, D. W., and Mann, J. D. 2002. Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate change during the last deglaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 879-887.

Tieszen, L. L., Boutton, T. W., Tesdahl, K. G., and Slade, N. A. 1983. Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: implications for δ13C analysis of diet. Oecologia, 57: 32-37.

Tieszen, L.L., Fagre, T., 1993. Effect of diet quality and composition on the isotopic composition of respiratory CO2, bone collagen, bioapatite, and soft tissues, in: J.B. Lambert, G. Grupe (Eds.), Prehistoric Human Bone-Archaeology at the Molecular Level, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993, pp. 121-155.

Tipping R., Bradley R., Sanders J., McCulloch R. and Wilson R. 2012. Moments of crisis: climate change in Scottish prehistory. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 142, 9-25.

Thomas E. R., Wolff E. W., Mulvaney R., Steffensen J. P., Johnsen S. J., Arrowsmith C., White J. C. W., Vaughn B. and Popp T., 2007. “The 8.2 ka event from Greenland ice cores”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 70-81.

Touloumis, K., 2002. The Economy of a Neolithic lakeside settlement, in Dispilio. 7500 Years Later, ed. G. H. Hourmouziades, Thessaloniki: University Studio Press: 89-105 (in Greek).

Triantaphyllou, M.V., Ziveri, P., Gogou, A., Marino, G., Lykousis, V., Bouloubassi, I., Emeis, K.-C., Kouli, K., Dimiza, M., Rosell-Melé, A., Papanikolaou,


Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά

  • Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.