This research was initiated by the implementation of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 (WFD) in Greece for the typology of abiotic parameters in relation to the ecological quality of surface water.Significant questions came in the attempt to use the results and data of previous research, due to the lack of a specific framework for the spatial-temporal distribution and continuity of data for the study of hydromorphological, geological and climate parameters. A key part of the research is to define this framework. The watersheds of North Greece were studied and their corresponding geological maps of scale 1:500.000 and 1:50.000 were digitised. The hydrographic network of 14 study areas was digitised using topographic maps of scale 1:50.000 and by ArcMap 10.3 with DEM. Sampling took place, in a three year period, at 9 reference stations and 5 highly altered sites. Chemical analysis of water samples and sedimentological-mineralogical analysis of sediment took place. The precipitation and temperature data (1.500.000 measurements) of 85 stations (1930-2010) were divided in different time periods and areas in order to determine their optimal spatial-temporal distribution. Climate classification by Köppen, Annual Temperature Range and CGI climate indicators were studied. Thematic maps of temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration by Turc, Coutagne and Thornthwaite with the methods of IDW, Spline, Kriging, were produced and evaluated by a control group. Seventeen hydromorphological parameters were studied for possible correlation among them and with the maximum flood by Giandotti.Having in mind the definition of an appropriate framework with defined methodologies and open access data; only conclusions accompanied by corresponding methodology and data are presented in this thesis. Specifically the researcher had 48 main conclusions and the most important are: For optimal climate classification, the minimum spatial distribution of stations is 1 per 2.000 km2, all data should be of the same period with a minimum duration of 30 years and completeness >75%. The use of lower quality dThis research was initiated by the implementation of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 (WFD) in Greece for the typology of abiotic parameters in relation to the ecological quality of surface water.Significant questions came in the attempt to use the results and data of previous research, due to the lack of a specific framework for the spatial-temporal distribution and continuity of data for the study of hydromorphological, geological and climate parameters. A key part of the research is to define this framework. The watersheds of North Greece were studied and their corresponding geological maps of scale 1:500.000 and 1:50.000 were digitised. The hydrographic network of 14 study areas was digitised using topographic maps of scale 1:50.000 and by ArcMap 10.3 with DEM. Sampling took place, in a three year period, at 9 reference stations and 5 highly altered sites. Chemical analysis of water samples and sedimentological-mineralogical analysis of sediment took place. The precipitation and temperature data (1.500.000 measurements) of 85 stations (1930-2010) were divided in different time periods and areas in order to determine their optimal spatial-temporal distribution. Climate classification by Köppen, Annual Temperature Range and CGI climate indicators were studied. Thematic maps of temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration by Turc, Coutagne and Thorntata is not acceptable. North Greece’s map, with Köppen climate classification (Cfb-Csa-Cfa), was created and climate change was identified within 1950-2004.When using geological maps of scale 1:50.000 the river watershed geology is highly correlated with the mineralogical analysis of the sediment in contrast to maps of scale1:500.000. The runoff coefficient map of scale 1:500.000 is 57,14% less accurate than of scale 1:50.000. The mean annual surface runoff can be used alternatively for the maximum flood by Giandotti with an accuracy of R2= 99,57%. The use of watershed size is not acceptable. The calculation of stream order by Strahler using the ArcMap method and using DEM (ASTER), versus 1:50.000 topographic maps, is effective 92,86% when 1st and 2nd torrents are removed. Stream order by Shreve is more accurate than stream order by Strahler. In coherence to the above, North Greece’s basins are grouped into 16 categories according to average annual surface runoff, concentration of SiO2 - CaO and Köppen climate classification. All of the above define a framework for the study of hydromorphological, geological and climate parameters. If different scale or spatial-temporal distribution is used it must be mentioned.

Έναυσμα για την έρευνα αποτέλεσε η εφαρμογή στην Ελλάδα της Κοινοτικής Οδηγίας 2000/60 της Ε.Ε, για την τυπολογία των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων των λεκανών απορροής σε σχέση με την οικολογική ποιότητα των επιφανειακών υδάτων. Προέκυψαν σημαντικά ερωτήματα στην προσπάθεια χρήσης των αποτελεσμάτων και των δεδομένων προηγούμενων ερευνών, λόγω της απουσίας σαφoύς πλαισίου για τη χρήση δεδομένων στη μελέτη των υδρομορφολογικών, γεωλογικών και κλιματολογικών παραμέτρων. Στόχος της διατριβής είναι να συνδράμει στην οριοθέτηση αυτού του πλαισίου.Μελετήθηκαν οι λεκάνες απορροής της Βόρειας Ελλάδας. Ψηφιοποιήθηκαν γεωλογικοί χάρτες κλίμακας 1:500.000 και 1:50.000, το υδρογραφικού δίκτυο 14 περιοχών μελέτης σε τοπογραφικούς χάρτες 1:50.000 και με ArcMap 10.3. Πραγματοποιήθηκε δειγματοληψία σε 9 σταθμούς αναφοράς και σε 5 λεκάνες υψηλά τροποποιημένες. Έγινε χημική ανάλυση του νερού, ορυκτολογική και ιζηματολογική ανάλυση του ιζήματος. Τα δεδομένα θερμοκρασίας και κατακρημνισμάτων 85 μετεωρολογικών σταθμών (1930-2010) χωρίστηκαν σε χρονικές περιόδους και περιοχές ώστε να προσδιοριστεί η βέλτιστη χωροχρονική κατανομή τους, ενώ εξετάσθηκε η κλιματική ταξινόμηση κατά Köppen, οι κλιματικοί δείκτες ΕΘΕ και K. Δημιουργηθήκαν χάρτες θερμοκρασίας, κατακρημνισμάτων και εξατμισοδιαπνοής κατά Turc, Coutagne, Thornthwaite με τις μεθόδους IDW, Spline, Kriging και με χρήση ομάδας ελέγχου. Μελετήθηκαν 17 υδρομορφολογικές παράμετροι για συσχέτιση μεταξύ τους και με την πλημμυρική παροχή κατά Giandotti. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα για τα οποία μπορούνε να παρατεθούν και τα αρχικά δεδομένα, τα κυριότερα εξ’αυτών είναι: Για την ακριβή κλιματική ταξινόμηση, η ελάχιστη χωρική κατανομή των σταθμών είναι 1 ανά 2.000 km2, τα δεδομένα πρέπει να είναι ίδιας χρονικής περιόδου με ελάχιστη διάρκεια 30 χρόνων και πληρότητα >75%. Η χρήση χαμηλότερης ποιότητας δεδομένων δεν οδηγεί σε αποδεκτές κλιματικές ταξινομήσεις. Δημιουργήθηκε ένας νέος χάρτης της Βόρειας Ελλάδας με κλιματική ταξινόμηση κατά Köppen (Cfb-Csa- Cfa) και εντοπίστηκε κλιματική αλλαγή την περίοδο 1950-2004. Οι χάρτες κλίμακας 1:50.000 οδηγούν σε πολύ καλή συσχέτιση της γεωλογίας της λεκάνης απορροής με την ορυκτολογική ανάλυση του ιζήματος σε αντίθεση με την κλίμακα 1:500.000. Ο χάρτης του συντελεστή επιφανειακής απορροής σε κλίμακα 1:500.000 υπολείπεται 57,14% σε ακρίβεια σε σχέση με κλίμακα 1:50.000. Η μέση ετήσια επιφανειακή απορροή (Qμέση) μπορεί να χρησιμοποιείται εναλλακτικά της μέγιστης πλημμυρικής παροχής κατά Giandotti με ακρίβεια R2=99,57%. Η χρήση του μεγέθους λεκάνης απορροής δεν είναι αποδεκτή.Ο προσδιορισμός της τάξης των ποταμών κατά Strahler με τη μέθοδο του ArcMap και χρήσης DEM (ASTER) έναντι τοπογραφικών χαρτών 1:50.000 έχει αποτελεσματικότητα 92,86% όταν αφαιρούνται οι κλάδοι 1ης και 2ης τάξης. Η ταξινόμηση κατά Shreve είναι πιο αποτελεσματική από την ταξινόμηση κατά Strahler. Με βάση τα παραπάνω οι λεκάνες απορροής της Βόρειας Ελλάδας ομαδοποιήθηκαν σε 16 κατηγορίες σύμφωνα με την επιφανειακή απορροή Qμέση, την περιεκτικότητα σε SiO2-CaO και την κλιματική ταξινόμηση κατά Köppen. Τα παραπάνω είναι η αρχή οριοθέτησης ενός πλαισίου για τη μελέτη των υδρομορφολογικών, γεωλογικών και κλιματικών παραμέτρων.

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