A seismological and remote sensing approach of geodynamic phenomena = Σεισμολογική και τηλεπισκοπική προσέγγιση γεωδυναμικών φαινομένων.

Nikos A. Svigkas

A seismological and remote sensing approach of geodynamic phenomena = Σεισμολογική και τηλεπισκοπική προσέγγιση γεωδυναμικών φαινομένων.

Nikos A. Svigkas

Περίληψη

Οι γεωδαιτικές μετρήσεις μπορούν να συνεισφέρουν στη μελέτη πολλαπλών φαινομένων. Η τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και οι δορυφορικές αποστολές ραντάρ, προσέφεραν καινούργιους τρόπους μελέτης της επιφανειακής παραμόρφωσης. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, γίνεται χρήση αυτών των δεδομένων ραντάρ, για την παρακολούθηση της γήινης επιφανειακής παραμόρφωσης, μέσω της ανάλυσης τους με τη χρήση των τεχνικών συμβολομετρίας ραντάρ συνθετικού ανοίγματος (InSAR). Μελετώνται δυο τύποι επιφανειακής παραμόρφωσης: ανθρωπογενής και τεκτονική. Όσον αφορά την πρώτη κατηγορία η εστίαση τίθεται στη βόρεια Ελλάδα και ειδικότερα στη Θεσσαλονίκη (τη δεύτερη μεγαλύτερη πόλη της Ελλάδας) και τα περίχωρά της. Η περιοχή ήταν γνωστό ότι ήταν υπό καθεστώς παραμόρφωσης, και σε αυτή τη διατριβή παρουσιάζονται νέα, πιο πρόσφατα αποτελέσματα των οποίων τα χαρακτηριστικά αναλύονται λεπτομερώς. Επιπρόσθετα, οι κύριοι μηχανισμοί που προκαλούν το φαινόμενο προτείνονται με βάση και την αξιοποίηση εξωτερικών δεδομένων. Οι περιοχές ενδιαφέροντος είναι το Καλοχώρι, η λεκάνη του Ανθεμούντα και η ευρύτερη περιοχή του Ωραιοκάστρου. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι υπάρχουν σημαντικά σήματα παραμόρφωσης, τα οποία κατά περιπτώσεις μπορεί να προκαλέσουν σοβαρές αστοχίες σε σπίτια, κτίρια και υποδομές υψηλής σημασίας. Αξιολόγηση των in-situ δεδομένων, μαζί με τα Τηλεπισκοπικά, δείχνουν ότι η δραστηριότητα των υδροφορέων είναι η κύρια αιτία της επιφανειακής παραμόρφωσης και ότι η δραστηριότητα του υπόγειου νερού καθορίζει τις επιφανειακές ανυψωτικές και καθιζηματικές τάσεις, των υπό μελέτη περιοχών. Ως γενική πρόταση, η ανάγκη για διαχείριση των υπόγειων υδάτων, θεωρείται κρίσιμη προτεραιότητα για την ευρύτερη περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης, για την αποφυγή μελλοντικών κινδύνων. Στη δεύτερη ενότητα της παρούσας διατριβής, γίνεται μελέτη σήματος τεκτονικής παραμόρφωσης αρχικά για την περίπτωση του σεισμού Ιράν-Ιράκ 2017 με σκοπό τον προσδιορισμό της πηγής του συμβάντος. Οι άγονες περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες της περιοχής μελέτης, συνέβαλαν σε ένα σήμα παραμόρφωσης υψηλής με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό των παραμέτρων του ρήγματος, που σχετίζεται με την παραμόρφωση της ενεργού τεκτονικής των πλακών που παρατηρείται στην περιοχή. Μια άλλη μελέτη που παρουσιάζεται εδώ, επικεντρώθηκε στην περιοχή του Ιονίου, το πιο ενεργό τεκτονικό τμήμα της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Με την αξιοποίηση δεδομένων ραντάρ πολλαπλών ζωνών συχνοτήτων από διαφορετικές γεωμετρίες λήψης και με βάση τα αποτελέσματα των προηγούμενων μελετών της ακολουθίας της Λευκάδας του 2015, προτείνεται μια νέα γεωμετρία ρηξιγενών τεμαχών για τη ζώνη Κεφαλονιάς- Λευκάδας (Cephalonia-Lefkada Transform fault Zone -CTF). Στην παρούσα διατριβή, γίνεται επίσης εστίαση στις νέες δυνατότητες που προσφέρουν οι τελευταίες τεχνολογικές εξελίξεις των δορυφόρων ραντάρ και στη συμβολή που θα μπορούσαν να προσφέρουν στην κοινότητα των επιστημών της γης. Μελετώντας τη ακολουθία σμηνοσεισμών της χερσονήσου της Μπίγκα του 2017 και χρησιμοποιώντας μια συγκεκριμένη στρατηγική μοντελοποίησης, αποδεικνύεται ότι υπάρχουν νέες δυνατότητες σήμερα για να εξετάσουμε τις ακολουθίες σμηνοσεισμών. Οι τελευταίες είναι ελάχιστά μελετημένες απο τη σκοπιά της δορυφορικής συμβολομετρίας ραντάρ, σε σύγκριση με τις ακολουθίες που συνδέονται με σεισμούς μεγάλου μεγέθους.

Geodetic measurements can be used to study different phenomena. Technological advancements and the radar satellite constellations offered new ways of measuring surface deformation. These data are exploited in this thesis, to monitor surface deformation, by applying interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques, conventional and multi-temporal. Two types of surface deformation are studied: anthropogenic and tectonic. Regarding the former, focus is set on northern Greece and especially Thessaloniki (the second largest city in Greece) and its surroundings. The area was known to be under a deforming trend. In this thesis, new recent deformation results are presented, whose characteristics are analysed in detail. Interpretations of the main driving mechanisms, are proposed by exploiting also external data. Areas of interest are Kalochori, Anthemountas basin and the broader area of Oreokastro. Results show that there are significant deformation signals, which in some cases, can cause severe failures to houses, buildings and critical infrastructure. In-situ data, together with the remote sensing results, indicate that aquifer activity is the main cause of surface displacement and that the underground water trends, directly affect the detected uplift and subsidence of the areas under study. A need for groundwater management, is considered as a crucial priority for the broader area of Thessaloniki, to avoid future hazard. In the second part of this thesis, tectonic deformation signal is analysed at first for the case of the Iran-Iraq 2017 earthquake, to estimate the source properties of the event. Due to the arid conditions of the area, a high quality deformation signal was used as input to perform geodetic inversion, to estimate a fault which is related with the active plate boundary deformation, occurring at the area. Another study, exploiting radar data was focused in the territory of the Ionian Sea, the most active tectonic region of the eastern Mediterranean. By exploiting multi-band radar data from different acquisition geometries and based on results of the latest studies of the Lefkada 2015 sequence, a new fault segmentation is proposed for the Cephalonia-Lefkada Transform fault Zone (CTF) advancements and the contribution they could offer to the earth science community. By studying the 2017 Biga seismic swarm, using a specific modelling strategy, it is demonstrated that new possibilities are currently existing to look into the seismic swarm sequences. The latter are understudied from an InSAR point of view, in comparison to the sequences characterized by major seismic events.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

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Αναφορές

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