Investigation of lignite effect on rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling muds = Διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της προσθήκης λιγνιτών στη διήθηση και τις ρεολογικές ιδιότητες διατρητικού πολφού με βάση το νερό.

Christina Triantafyllos Apostolidou

Investigation of lignite effect on rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling muds = Διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της προσθήκης λιγνιτών στη διήθηση και τις ρεολογικές ιδιότητες διατρητικού πολφού με βάση το νερό.

Christina Triantafyllos Apostolidou

Περίληψη

Bentonite is a clay widely used – among others – as a low-cost additive in the drilling fluids to impart the desired plastic rheological properties to the mud. As drilling progresses, the clay particles tend to swell causing thickening problems. In this case, it is essential to treat the mud in order to sustain the drilling operation. Treatment with Drilling Mud Thinners is applied to control the dispersion properties and lower the viscosity. Lignosulfonate is a lignin-based polymer widely used to deflocculate clay-based muds. Lignite is often added in the drilling mud as a low-cost thinning agent to control the swelling behavior of the clay particles, to reduce the viscosity and to control the filtration properties of the mud. Especially, after a causticization treatment in alkaline solution, lignite can act as mud thinner reducing the thickening effect. Lignite can also affect the filtration properties essentially reducing the filtrate volume of the drilling fluid. Another type of lignite, namely leonardite, can also be used for the same purpose. Four low-rank coals (three lignites and one leonardite) were obtained from several deposits in Western Macedonia, Greece to investigate the benefits of their addition on the rheological and filtration properties of water-bentonite suspensions. The samples were causticized with two different methods and added in water-based mud mixtures. Rheological and filtration properties of the samples were proved strongly dependent on the type of causticization, as well as their humic acid content. This study is an attempt to develop a low-cost, environmental-friendly product from indigenous and very abundant raw material (lignite, leonardite) intending to explore in the post-lignite era one industrial, non-electrical application for this primary energy source.

Ο μπεντονίτης είναι μια άργιλος, που χρησιμοποιείται μεταξύ άλλων ως χαμηλού κόστους πρόσθετο των ρευστών διάτρησης, προκειμένου να προσδώσει τις επιθυμητές πλαστικές ρεολογικές ιδιότητες στον πολφό. Όσο η διάτρηση προχωρά, τα σωματίδια της αργίλου τείνουν να διογκώνονται προκαλώντας αύξηση του ιξώδους. Σε αυτήν την περίπτωση είναι απαραίτητη η επεξεργασία του πολφού, ώστε να μειωθεί το πλαστικό ιξώδες και να διατηρηθεί ομαλή η διάτρηση. Η επεξεργασία γίνεται με αραιωτές πολφού, που συμβάλλουν στον έλεγχο των ιδιοτήτων διασποράς και στη μείωση του ιξώδους. Το Λιγνοσουλφονικό αποτελεί ένα ανιονικό πολυμερές με βάση τη λιγνίνη, που χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως για αραίωση μπεντονιτικών πολφών με βάση το νερό. Συχνά προστίθεται και λιγνίτης [σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις μαζί με λιγνοσουλφονικά] στον πολφό διάτρησης ως χαμηλού κόστους παράγοντας αραίωσης για τον έλεγχο της διόγκωσης των σωματιδίων της αργίλου, τη μείωση του ιξώδους καθώς και τον έλεγχο των ιδιοτήτων διήθησης του πολφού. Συγκεκριμένα, μετά από καυστικοποίηση σε αλκαλικό διάλυμα, ο λιγνίτης μπορεί να λειτουργήσει ως αραιωτικός παράγοντας, μειώνοντας τα φαινόμενα πηκτώματος, που δημιουργούνται στους πολφούς. Επιπλέον μπορεί να επηρεάσει τις διηθητικές ιδιότητες μειώνοντας ουσιαστικά τον όγκο του διηθήματος του πολφού. Ένας άλλος τύπος λιγνίτη, ο λεοναρδίτης, μπορεί επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τον ίδιο σκοπό. Τέσσερα δείγματα χαμηλού βαθμού ανθράκων (τρεις λιγνίτες και ένας λεοναρδίτης) λήφθηκαν από συγκεκριμένα κοιτάσματα στη Δυτική Μακεδονία, για να αξιολογηθεί η επίδρασή τους στις ρεολογικές και διηθητικές ιδιότητες πολφού με βάση το νερό. Η παρούσα διατριβή αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια να αναπτυχθεί ένα χαμηλού κόστους, περιβαλλοντικά φιλικό προϊόν από μια εγχώρια και πολύ συνήθη πρώτη ύλη (λιγνίτης, λεοναρδίτης) με στόχο να διερευνηθεί μια βιομηχανική, έξω-ηλεκτρική χρήση αυτής της κατ’ εξοχήν ενεργειακής πηγής στη μεταλιγνιτική περίοδο.

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