Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έλαβε χώρα  μελέτη στην περιοχή του ΒΑ Αιγαίου (Λέσβος- Ρήγμα  Αδραμυτίου). Η περιοχή της διατριβής φέρει εκδήλωση μιας παλιάς σημαντικής ηφαιστειότητας του Μειοκαίνου και εμφανίζει πολύπλοκη τεκτονική δομή επειδή αυτή βρίσκεται μέσα στον χώρο όπου συναντάται το ρήγμα του Αδραμυτίου με το εφελκυστικό πεδίο του Αιγαίου. Για όλους τους παραπάνω λόγους ξεκίνησα τη μελέτη του συγκεκριμένου χώρου, πρώτα από το βόρειο τμήμα του νησιού  και στη συνέχεια στο νότιο, προκειμένου να προσδιοριστεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο επηρεάζει το τεκτονικό αυτό καθεστώς το νησί. Στόχος της διατριβής ήταν η περιγραφή της νεοτεκτονικής καταπόνησης των ηφαιστειακών πετρωμάτων και η διάκριση των δομών σε τεκτονικές φάσεις προκειμένου να εντοπισθεί η τεκτονική εξέλιξη της περιοχής. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου έγινε χαρτογράφηση των ρηξιγενών επιφανειών και των τεκτονικών γραμμώσεων και μία πρώτη ομαδοποίηση των μετρήσεων στην ύπαιθρο. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε επεξεργασία των δεδομένων που συλλέχθηκαν στην ύπαιθρο με το πρόγραμμα Win-Tensor (Delvaux, 1993; Delvaux et al., 1995, 2013; Zain Eldeen et al., 2002; Delvaux and Sperner, 2003). Πρόκειται για ένα διαδραστικό λογισμικό σχεδιασμένο για τον καθορισμό του πεδίου των τάσεων με βάση τα γεωλογικά δεδομένα της περιοχής (ρήγματα, γράμμωση ολίσθησης, διακλάσεις, λύσεων μηχανισμών γένεσης σεισμών κ.α.). Ο προσδιορισμός  των διευθύνσεων των κύριων αξόνων τάσης σ1,  σ2 , σ3 έλαβε χώρα τόσο με το μέθοδο P-B-T αξόνων όσο και με τη βελτιωμένη μέθοδο των ορθών δίεδρων γωνιών που εφαρμόζει το πρόγραμμα Win-Tensor. Επίσης πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο στον καθορισμό των τεκτονικών φάσεων κατέχει στην παρούσα διατριβή, η γεωμορφολογική-μορφοτεκτονική μελέτη της περιοχής. Με τη βοήθεια των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (Γ.Σ.Π.-G.I.S.) και χρησιμοποιώντας το λογισμικό ArcGIS (ESRI έκδοση 10.3.1, 2015), έγινε ψηφιοποίηση σε τοπογραφικά φύλλα χαρτών για τη Λέσβο (ΓΥΣ 1:50.000, 1:5000) καθώς στο βόρειο τμήμα του κόλπου του Αδραμυτίου. Το ψηφιακό μοντέλο αναγλύφου που δημιουργήθηκε, αποτέλεσε τη βάση τόσο για την παραγωγή θεματικών χαρτών του μορφοαναγλύφου όσο και για την περαιτέρω ποσοτική γεωμορφολογική ανάλυση του νησιού. Έτσι στην  περιοχή της έρευνας  η οποία καλύπτεται από προϊόντα Μειοκαινικής ηφαιστειακής δραστηριότητας (21,5-16Μa),  ταυτοποιήθηκαν-προσδιορίστηκαν 6 ρηξιγενείς ζώνες. Η συνέχεια αυτών των ρηξιγενών ζωνών εντοπίζεται στη θάλασσα. Ειδικότερα ταυτοποιήθηκε-προσδιορίστηκε η ρηξιγενής ζώνη της Κεντρικής Λέσβου, η ρηξιγενής ζώνη ΝΑ του Μανταμάδου, η ρηξιγενής ζώνη Α της Καλλονής, η ρηξιγενής ζώνη της Άντισσας, η ρηξιγενής ζώνη του Γαβαθά (ΒΔ Λέσβος) καθώς επίσης και η ρηξιγενής ζώνη της Βρίσας-Βατερών. Επίσης με βάση τόσο τα δεδομένα υπαίθρου όσο και τα στοιχεία που προέκυψαν από την επεξεργασία τους με το πρόγραμμα Wintensor, διαχωρίσθηκαν τέσσερις (4) τεκτονικές φάσεις, από την παλαιότερη προς τη νεότερη: το (Ν1) εφελκυστικό πεδίο με διεύθυνση ΒΔ-ΝΑ και με τον σ1 σε ΒΑ-ΝΔ διεύθυνση που δημιούργησε αριστερόστροφα ρήγματα οριζόντιας μετατόπισης ΒΒΔ-ΝΝΑ διευθύνσεως, το (Ν2)  εφελκυστικό πεδίο από ΒΒΑ-ΝΝΔ έως ΒΑ-ΝΔ, το (Ν3) εφελκυστικό πεδίο ΔΒΔ-ΑΝΑ και  με τον σ1 ΒΒΑ-ΝΝΔ,  το οποίο δημιουργεί ρήγματα από ΒΒΔ-ΝΝΑ έως ΒΒΑ-ΝΝΔ, πλαγιοκανονικά με σημαντικότερη τη dip slip κίνηση και από το Πλειστόκαινο  το (Ν4) εφελκυστικό πεδίο με διεύθυνση ΒΑ-ΝΔ και τον σ1 να έχει δ/νση ΒΔ-ΝΑ, ιδιαίτερα στις βόρειες ακτές. Στις νότιες ακτές και μέχρι τα Βατερά φαίνεται να υπερισχύει  ένας ΒΔ-ΝΑ εφελκυσμός, με  τον σ1 να έχει δ/νση ΒΑ-ΝΔ. Τέλος από τη σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων της τεκτονικής επεξεργασίας με αυτά που υπάρχουν στην λεκάνη του Αδραμυτίου, προέκυψε για την περιοχή μελέτης ότι: (α) στο βόρειο τμήμα της Λέσβου επικρατεί εφελκυσμός με διεύθυνση ΒΑ-ΝΔ καθώς επίσης τα ρήγματα της περιοχής εμφανίζουν ισχυρή δεξιόστροφη συνιστώσα ολίσθησης, (β) στο νότιο τμήμα του νησιού επικρατεί εφελκυσμός τόσο με διεύθυνση ΒΒΔ-ΝΝΑ έως ΒΔ-ΝΑ όσο και με διεύθυνση ΒΑ-ΝΔ, (γ) τo είδος της δυναμικής τεκτονικής που επιδρά στον χώρο εμφανίζει πολλά κοινά χαρακτηριστικά μ’ αυτό του μοντέλου Riedel διάτμησης για μια περιοχή όπου δραστηριοποιείται ένα μεγάλο ρήγμα με ισχυρή δεξιόστροφη συνιστώσα, όπως θεωρείται το ρήγμα του Αδραμυτίου. Το μοντέλο αυτό ταιριάζει με αυτά που έχουν προταθεί από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία για την ενεργό περιοχή του βορείου Αιγαίου (Pavlides et al., 1990, A. Chatzipetros et al. 2013, Sakellariou et al., 2018, Papanikolaou et al., 2019) και (δ) το γεγονός ότι ο εφελκυσμός αναπτύσσεται σε δύο διευθύνσεις, όπως αποδείχθηκε από τον υπολογισμό των τανυστών τάσης μετά την επεξεργασία των δεδομένων υπαίθρου, μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί ως το αποτέλεσμα της δράσης μία λεκάνης pull-apart μέσα σ’ ένα χώρο όπου κυριαρχεί το τεκτονικό καθεστώς διάτμησης (Allen & Allen, 2013).

In the present thesis, a study took place in the area of the NE Aegean (Lesvos – Edremit Fault). The study area is part of an old important volcanic activity of the Miocene and  also supports a complex tectonic structure, due to the fact that the island is inside an area where the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault, the Edremit fault to the east, meets the Aegean Extensional System to the west. In order to investigate how the aforementioned regime affects the tectonic structure of volcanics rocks of Lesvos, I investigated separately the northern from the southern part of the island. According mainly to the detailed field observations, using the kinematic data and the striations of the structures, the ruptured surfaces were mapped in order to determine the compatible stress field geometry. Then the collected data were processed by the Win-Tensor program (Delvaux, 1993; Delvaux et al., 1995, 2013; Zain Eldeen et al., 2002; Delvaux and Sperner, 2003). It is an interactive software which was designed to determine the stress field geometry based on the geological data of the area (cracks, slip lines, joints, solutions of earthquake generation mechanisms, etc.). The determination of the directions of the main stress axes σ1, σ2, σ3 took place both with the method P-B-T axes and then with the improved method of right dihedral angles applied by the Win-Tensor program. Furthermore, in the present dissertation, the geomorphological-morphotectonic study of the area plays a very important role in order to understand the imprint of erosional process in a highly neotectonic deformed landscape. With the aim of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the ArcGIS software (ESRI version 10.3.1, 2015), digitization was done on topographic map sheets for Lesvos (HMGS 1:50.000, 1:5.000) and the northern part of Edremit Gulf.  The DEM of the area was the basis both for the creation of thematic maps for the analysis of the relief and for further quantitative geomorphological analysis of the island. In the research area covered by products of Miocene volcanic activity (21.5-16 Ma), 6 fault zones were identified. The continuation of these ruptured zones is definitely located in the sea. In particular, there were identified: the rupture zone of Central Lesvos, the rupture zone SE of Mantamados, the rupture zone E of Kalloni, the rupture zone of Antissa, the rupture zone of Gavathas (NW of Lesvos) as well as the rupture zone of Vrisa-Vateron. Based on both the rural data and the data obtained from their processing with the Win-Tensor program, the following tectonic phases were distinguished, from the oldest to the newest: a (N1) extension stress phase with NW-SE direction and with σ1 in NE-SW direction that is responsible for the sinistral strike slip faults in NNW-SSE direction, a (N2) extension stress phase with NNE-SSW to NE-SW direction, a (N3) extension stress phase with WNW-ESE direction and with σ1 in NNE-SSW direction, which creates oblique faults in NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW direction, in which the dip slip component is stronger and from the Plistocete a (Ν4) extensional stress phase in NE-SW direction, where the σ1 is directed NW-SE particular in the area of the northern coast of Lesvos. In the area of the southern coast, from Eressos Village till Vatera, an extension stress phase with a direction of NW-SE prevails along with a σ1 heading NW-SE. Based on the results of the tectonic processing of the data in Lesvos island and the surrounding area of Edremit basin, the following conclusions are briefly listed: (a) in the northern part of Lesvos there is NE-SW extension with the faults measured of the area showing a significant dextral strike slip component, (b) in the southern part of the island the NNW-SSE to NW-SE extension is stronger than the extension with a NE-SW direction. Collecting more data from the field for the southern part would give a more complete picture of the area, (c) the type of dynamic tectonics that affects the area of Lesvos has a lot of common characteristics with that of the Riedel shear model for an area where a large fault with a strong right-lateral component is active, such as the Edremit fault. This model matches what has been proposed by the international literature for the active region of the northern Aegean (Pavlides S.B. et al., 1990, Chatzipetros A. et al. 2013, Sakellariou D. et al., 2018, Papanikolaou D. et al., 2019) and (d) the fact that extension stress regime develops in two directions, as demonstrated by the calculation of stress tensors after processing the field data, can be interpreted as the result of the action of a pull-apart basin within an area dominated by the tectonic shear regime (Allen & Allen, 2013).

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Διαδικτυακές Πηγές

Damien Delvaux, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, Tensor program Fault-kinematic analysis and tectonic stress tensor inversion http://damiendelvaux.be/Tensor/WinTensor/win-tensor.html

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