Σκοπός τις Διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της πανίδας Χειρόπτερων που προέκυψαν από τις δυο διαφορετικές χρονολογικά πανίδες του Σπηλαίου Α των Λουτρών Αλμωπίας (Πέλλα, Μακεδονία), κάτι που θα συμβάλλει στη γνώση των Τεταρτογενών νυχτερίδων του Ελληνικού χώρου και της Βαλκανικής Χερσονήσου. Τα απολιθώματα που ανακτήθηκαν από τα ιζήματα του δαπέδου του σπηλαίου (LAC) είναι ηλικίας Άνω Πλειστόκαινου, ενώ τα απολιθώματα που ανακτήθηκαν από τον υπερυψωμένο θάλαμο LAC Ia είναι ηλικίας ανώτατου Πλειστόκαινου. Προσπάθειες για χρονολόγηση δειγμάτων απέτυχαν λόγω απουσίας κολλαγόνου από τα απολιθώματα. Ο σκοπός εξυπηρετήθηκε από την πρώτη ενδελεχή συστηματική ταξινόμηση και φαινετική ανάλυση απολιθωμάτων Χειρόπτερων από τον Ελληνικό χώρο, συσχέτιση των μελετημένων απολιθωμάτων μεταξύ των δυο διαφορετικών χρονολογικά πανίδων του Σπηλαίου Α, αλλά και με άλλες σύγχρονες και απολιθωμένες πανίδες από τον Ελληνικό χώρο και τη Βαλκανική Χερσόνησο, ταφονομική ανάλυση και παλαιοκλιματική/παλαιοοικολογική προσέγγιση βασισμένη. Όλα τα παραπάνω βασίστηκαν στον προσδιορισμό 9004 απολιθωμάτων Χειρόπτερων σύμφωνα με το μορφολογικά και μετρικά τους χαρακτηριστικά, με αποτέλεσμα τον προσδιορισμό 17 ειδών από τον LAC και 20 από τον LAC Ia από τρεις οικογένειες (Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Miniopteridae) και εννιά γένη (Rhinolophus, Myotis, Nyctalus, Pipistrellus, Vespertilio, Eptesicus, Plecotus, Barbastella, Miniopterus). Οκτώ είδη περιγράφονται για πρώτη φορά σε απολιθωματοφόρο αρχείο από τον Ελληνικό χώρο από το Σπήλαιο Α και ένα είδος περιγράφεται για πρώτη φορά σε απολιθωματοφόρο θέση ηλικίας Άνω Πλειστόκαινου από τη Βαλκανική Χερσόνησο. Δεκαεννιά είδη κάνουν τη νοτιότερη εμφάνισή τους από θέση ηλικίας Άνω Πλειστόκαινου της Βαλκανικής Χερσονήσου. Το Σπήλαιο Α φαίνεται ότι χρησιμοποιήθηκε πρωτευόντως ως χώρος γέννησης και δευτερευόντως ως θερμό καταφύγιο κατά τη διάρκεια ψυχρών περιόδων. Επίσης, παρατηρείται θήρευση από τον Ευρασιατικό Μπούφο, Bubo bubo, η οποία όμως ήταν καιροσκοπική. Αυτό οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι τα απολιθώματα νυχτερίδων του Σπηλαίου Α προέκυψαν τόσο λόγω θανάτου από φυσικά αίτια, όσο και λόγω θήρευσης. Παράλληλα, το Σπήλαιο Α χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως καταφύγιο κατά τη διάρκεια των παγετωδών περιόδων του Πλειστόκαινου, αλλά και ως αφετηρία για την επανακατοίκηση της Κεντρικής και Βόρειας Ευρώπης μετά το τέλος του τελευταίου παγετώδους μέγιστου. Κατά το ανώτατο Πλειστόκαινο παρατηρείται αύξηση των ψυχρόφιλων ειδών, η οποία συμπίπτει περίπου με την έναρξη της Νεότερης Δρυάδος. Παρ' όλα αυτά, οι πλειοψηφία των αναγνωρισμένων ειδών είναι τρωγλόφιλα με προτίμηση στα θερμά κλίματα. Το περιβάλλον κυνηγιού, προσδιορίζεται ως μικτού τύπου ή/και κλειστού με την παρουσία νερού να είναι απαραίτητη για ένα σημαντικό ποσοστό των αναγνωρισμένων ειδών. Τα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των απολιθωμάτων Χειρόπτερων από το Σπήλαιο Α είναι παρόμοια με αυτά των αρτίγονων, εμφανίζοντας μόνο μικρές διαφοροποιήσεις στο μέγεθός τους, εκτός από τον Τρανορινόλοφο, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, του οποίου το μέγεθος μειώνεται από το Άνω στο ανώτατο Πλειστόκαινο, καταδεικνύοντας την εξάρτησή σου από τις κλιματικές συνθήκες. Η φαινετική ανάλυση των νυχτερίδων του Σπηλαίου Α είναι η πρώτη που πραγματοποιείται σε Χειρόπτερα από τον Ελληνικό χώρο και επιβεβαιώνει τη χρησιμότητα της μεθόδου για αναγνώριση ειδών νυχτερίδων του Ευρωπαϊκού χώρου. Συμπερασματικά, η πανίδα των Χειρόπτερων ηλικίας Άνω Πλειστόκαινου από το Σπήλαιο Α, με τα μέχρι τώρα δεδομένα, αποδεικνύεται ως η πλουσιότερη και η πιο ποικίλη τόσο από τον Ελληνικό χώρο, όσο και από τη Βαλκανική Χερσόνησο.

The aim of the present Thesis is the examination of the chiropteran collection that has been retrieved from the two chronologically different fossiliferous assemblages of Loutra Almopias Cave A (Pella, Macedonia, Greece), which will contribute to the knowledge of the Quaternary bats of the Greek region and the Balkan Peninsula. The specimens retrieved from the cave’s floor sediments (LAC) are of Late Pleistocene age, whereas the specimens retrieved from the elevated chamber LAC Ia are of latest Pleistocene age. Attempts to date fossils failed due to their lack of collagen. The purpose was served by the first comprehensive systematic taxonomy and phenetic analysis of a fossil chiropteran fauna from the Greek region, correlation of the studied specimens with the two chronologically different faunal assemblages of the cave site and other modern and fossil assemblages from the Greek region and the broader region of the Balkan Peninsula, taphonomic analysis and a palaeoclimatological/palaeoecological approach. These were based on the determination of the 9004 chiropteran specimens according to their morphological and metrical characteristics, which resulted in the identification of 17 species from LAC and 20 from LAC Ia from three families (Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Miniopteridae) and nine genera (Rhinolophus, Myotis, Nyctalus, Pipistrellus, Vespertilio, Eptesicus, Plecotus, Barbastella, Miniopterus). Eight species described from Cave A are the first known records in Greece and one species is the first known record of a Late Pleistocene locality from the Balkan Peninsula. Nineteen species refer to the southernmost appearance of the Late Pleistocene of the Balkan Peninsula. Cave A served primarily as a nursery roost for many bats and secondarily as a warm refuge during colder periods. Predation from the European Eagle Owl, Bubo bubo, was opportunistic, indicating a mixed assemblage. Cave A acted as a refugium during the Pleistocene glacial oscillations and as a starting point for the repopulation of Central and Northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. An increase in cold-adapted species is observed during the latest Pleistocene LAC Ia, which roughly coincides with the onset of Younger Dryas. The majority of the identified species are cave dwellers and have a preference for warm climatic conditions. A variety of different landscapes are used for foraging with a preference in mixed and/or forested areas with the presence of water bodies, being a must for a significant proportion of the identified taxa. The morphological characteristics of the chiropteran specimens from Cave A are similar to those of their extant representatives indicating only minor alterations to their body size apart from the body size of the Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, which decreases from Late to latest Pleistocene, indicating its dependency on climate. The phenetic analysis of the chiropteran species from Cave A is the first ever conducted for Chiroptera from the Greek region and it confirms the reliability of the method for species discrimination of European bats. In conclusion, the Late Pleistocene bat fauna from Cave A is, up to date, the richest and most diverse not only from the Greek region, but from the Balkan Peninsula, too.

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