Climate responses due to anthropogenic aerosols radiative forcing = Κλιματική απόκριση λόγω εξαναγκασμού του ισοζυγίου ακτινοβολίας από ανθρωπογενή αεροζόλ.
Περίληψη
In this study, the rapid climate responses caused by anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing are examined. Using 30-year simulations with fixed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice
cover from five climate models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), the effective radiative forcing (ERF) and surface air temperature response to anthropogenic aerosols are estimated on an annual and seasonal basis The fixed-SST ERF, which allows for tropospheric, stratospheric and some land surface properties to adjust, is calculated for black carbon, organic carbon, and sulphate aerosols following the method of Ghan (2013). Aerosols mainly scatter incoming solar radiation and serve as cloud condensation nuclei, thus increasing the cloud albedo and lifetime, resulting in more solar radiation being reflected back to space. Therefore, they induce a negative radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and cool the Earth’s surface. The negative TOA forcing and cooling is predominantly observed in the Northern hemisphere (NH), especially over the emission sources, such as the industrialized areas of East Asia, the continental South Asia, Europe and North America. Sulphate aerosols strongly scatter incoming shortwave solar radiation, causing a negative ERF and a near-surface cooling, in general, and over its emission sources, in particular. Organic carbon mainly scatters the incoming solar radiation, exerting a negative ERF and has a cooling effect on the climate system, with a spatial pattern similar to sulphates, but weaker in magnitude. On the other hand, black carbon aerosols strongly absorb solar radiation, directly and indirectly, causing a general near-surface warming. On a seasonal basis, both the magnitude and spatial patterns of both the ERF and surface air temperature responses vary from the mean annual state, mainly over the NH during the boreal winter and the boreal summer. There are also differences in the magnitude and the spatial patterns of ERF, and the fast response or rapid adjustments of temperature among models, deriving from differences in their aerosol chemistry, atmospheric chemistry and processes, and land surface properties parameterization schemes.
Στην παρούσα εργασία, μελετώνται οι ταχείες κλιματικές αποκρίσεις που προκαλούνται από τις μεταβολές του ισοζυγίου ακτινοβολίας εξαιτίας των ανθρωπογενών αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων (ΑΣ). Χρησιμοποιώντας σετ 30-ετών προσομοιώσεων, στις οποίες οι θερμοκρασίες της θαλάσσιας επιφάνειας (ΘΘΕ) και ο θαλάσσιος πάγος διατηρούνται σταθερά, από πέντε κλιματικά μοντέλα που συμμετέχουν στην έκτη φάση του Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), εκτιμάται, σε ετήσιο και εποχικό επίπεδο, ο θερμικός εξαναγκασμός (ΘΕ) και οι αποκρίσεις της θερμοκρασίας του επιφανειακού αέρα που οφείλονται στα ανθρωπογενή ΑΣ. Ο ΘΕ με σταθερές ΘΘΕ, ο οποίος επιτρέπει την προσαρμογή των τροποσφαιρικών, στρατοσφαιρικών και κάποιων εδαφικών μεταβλητών, υπολογίζεται για τα ΑΣ του μαύρου άνθρακα, του οργανικού άνθρακα και για τα θειϊκά ΑΣ ακολουθώντας τη μέθοδο του Ghan (2013). Τα ΑΣ, κατά βάση, σκεδάζουν την εισερχόμενη
ηλιακή ακτινοβολία και λειτουργούν ως πυρήνες συμπύκνωσης νεφών, αυξάνοντας, τοιουτοτρόπως, την ανακλαστικότητα και το χρόνο ζωής των νεφών, με αποτέλεσμα την ανάκλαση μεγαλύτερης ποσότητας ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας πίσω στο διάστημα. Ως εκ τούτου, προκαλούν έναν αρνητικό εξαναγκασμό στην κορυφή της ατμόσφαιρας (ΚτΑ) και ψύχουν τη γήινη επιφάνεια. Ο αρνητικός εξαναγκασμός στην ΚτΑ και η ψύξη παρατηρούνται, κατά κύριο λόγο, στο Βόρειο ημισφαίριο (ΒΗ) και ιδιαιτέρως άνωθεν των πηγών εκπομπών, όπως οι βιομηχανοποιημένες περιοχές της Α. Ασίας, της ηπειρωτικής Ν. Ασίας, της Ευρώπης και της Β. Αμερικής. Τα θειϊκά ΑΣ σκεδάζουν ισχυρά την εισερχόμενη μικρού μήκους κύματος ηλιακή ακτινοβολία, προκαλώντας έναν αρνητικό εξαναγκασμό και ψύξη του επιφανειακού αέρα, ιδιαίτερα στις πηγές εκπομπών του. Τα σωματίδια του οργανικού άνθρακα κυρίως σκεδάζουν την εισερχόμενη ηλιακή ακτινοβολία, ασκώντας έναν αρνητικό εξαναγκασμό προκαλώντας ψύξη του κλιματικού συστήματος, με χωρική κατανομή παρόμοια με αυτή των θειϊκών ΑΣ, αλλά μικρότερης ισχύος. Αντιθέτως, τα ΑΣ του μαύρου άνθρακα απορροφούν ισχυρά την ηλιακή ακτινοβολία, άμεσα και έμμεσα, προκαλώντας μια γενική θέρμανση του επιφανειακού αέρα στο ΒΗ. Σε εποχική βάση, το μέγεθος και η χωρική κατανομή αμφότερων των ΘΕ και των αποκρίσεων της θερμοκρασίας του επιφανειακού αέρα διαφοροποιούνται από τη μέση ετήσια κατάσταση, κυρίως στο ΒΗ κατά το χειμώνα και το θέρος. Υπάρχουν, επίσης, διαφορές στην ισχύ και τα χωρικά μοτίβα του ΘΕ και των ταχέων θερμοκρασιακών αποκρίσεων μεταξύ των μοντέλων, οι οποίες προέρχονται από τις διαφορές στα σχήματα παραμετροποιήσεών τους για τη χημεία των ΑΣ, την ατμοσφαιρική χημεία και τις διαδικασίες της ατμόσφαιρας, καθώς και τις ιδιότητες της επιφάνειας του εδάφους.
Πλήρες Κείμενο:
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