Εξώφυλλο

Κοιτάσματα Πορφυριτικού Χαλκού = Porphyry copper deposits.

Δέσποινα Ιωάννης Αντάμη

Περίληψη


Σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση και η χρησιμότητα των κοιτασμάτων πορφυριτικού χαλκού (Cu). Τα κοιτάσματα αυτά είναι ευρέως διαδεδομένα και η ζήτησή τους όλο και αυξανόμενη. Αρχικά η δημιουργία αυτού του είδους κοιτασμάτων οφείλεται σε περιβάλλοντα σύγκλισης και συνιστούν μια από τις σημαντικότερες πηγές σε Cu, Mo, Au, Ag, Έπειτα από την δράση των υδροθερμικών διαλυμάτων δημιουργούνται τέσσερις ζώνες εξαλλοίωσης οι οποίες από το κέντρο προς την περιφέρεια κατανέμονται ως εξής: Καλιούχος, Φυλλιτική, Αργιλική και Προπυλιτική. Εν συνεχεία ιδιαίτερο οικονομικό ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν τα ακόλουθα ορυκτά του Cu όπως, ο αυτοφυής χαλκός, ο χαλκοπυρίτης, ο βορνίτης, ο εναργίτης, ο χαλκοσίνης, ο κυπρίτης, ο αζουρίτης, ο μαλαχίτης, ο κοβελλίνης και η χρυσόκολλα. Επιπλέον ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν πολύτιμα μέταλλα τα οποία έχουν βρεθεί σε αυτά τα κοιτάσματα όπως ο χρυσός και η ομάδα των μετάλλων της πλατίνας PGM. Συνεπώς το ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον επικεντρώθηκε στην ανακάλυψη νέων πηγών για βασικά και ευγενή μέταλλα. Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται αναφορά σε κάποιες εμφανίσεις κοιτασμάτων αυτού του τύπου όπως στα κοιτάσματα της Λήμνου και των Σκουριών στην Ελλάδα, καθώς και των κοιτασμάτων Elatsite (Βουλγαρία), Mamut (Μαλαισία) και Ok Tedi (Παπουά - Νέα Γουινέα). Όσον αφορά την περιοχή των Σκουριών οι υψηλές περιεκτικότητες σε Pt, Pd, Bi έχουν ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον.
   
The aim of this diploma thesis is the study and usefulness of porphyry copper (Cu) deposits. These deposits are widespread and their demand is increasing. Originally, the formation of this type of deposit is due to plate convergence environments. It is one of the major sources of Cu, Mo, Au, and Ag. On the basis of the evolution of hydrothermal fluids, four alteration zones are observed, which are distributed from the center to the periphery as follows: K-potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic. The porphyry type deposits have a particular economic interest for Cu minerals such as chalcopyrite, bornite, enargite, chalcosite, cuprite, azurite, malachite, covelite, and chrysocolla. Of particular interest are the precious metals found in these deposits including gold and the platinum group metals (PGM). Therefore, the research interest has focused on discovering new sources of these metals. Some important examples of porphyry systems are discussed in this diploma thesis. These deposits are found in Lemnos and Skouries of Greece, Elatsite of Bulgaria, Mamut and Ok tedi. Concerning the region of Skouries the intersection between Pt, Pd, Bi has particular interest.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

PDF

Αναφορές


BAS, M. L., Maitre, R. L., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., & IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. (1986). A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of petrology, 27(3), 745-750.

Carten, R. B. (1986). Sodium-calcium metasomatism; chemical, temporal, and spatial relationships at the Yerington, Nevada, porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology, 81(6), 1495-1519.

Clark, A.H., 1993, Are outsize porphyry copper deposits either anatomically or environmentally distinctive?: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2, p. 213−283. Muntean and Einaudi (2000, 2001)

Eliopoulos, D. G., & Economou-Eliopoulos, M. (1991). Platinum-group element and gold contents in the Skouries porphyry copper deposit, Chalkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece. Economic Geology, 86(4), 740-749.

Fornadel A.P., Voudouris P., Paul G.S., Melfos V. (2012). Mineralogical, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion studies of spatially related porphyry Cu and epithermal Au-Te mineralization, Fakos Peninsula, Limnos Island, Greece. Mineralogy and Petrology, 105, 85-111.

Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb, Rb-Sr,S,O,C,U-Pb) geochemical investigations on Tertiary intrusives and related mineralizations in the Serbomacedonian Pb-Zn, Sb+Cu-Mo metallogenic province in Northern Greece, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland, Ph.D. Thesis, 231 p. GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 2−16.

Gustafson, L.B., and Hunt, J.P., 1975, The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 70, p. 857−912.

Gustafson, L.B., and Quiroga, J., 1995, Patterns of mineralization and alteration below the porphyry copper orebody at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC

Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A., Jr., and Gonzalez-Urien, E., 2000, Exploration for epithermal gold deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 245−277.Phillips et al. 1974,

Heinrich, C. A., & Neubauer, F. (2002). Cu–Au–Pb–Zn–Ag metallogeny of the Alpine–Balkan–Carpathian–Dinaride geodynamic province. Mineralium Deposita, 37.

Kockel, F., Mollat, H., and Gundlach, H., 1975, Hydrothermally altered and (copper) mineralized porphyritic intrusions in the Serbo-Macedonian Massif (Greece), Mineralium Deposita, v. 10, p. 195-204.

Melfos V., Vavelidis M., Christofides G., Seidel E. (2002). Origin and evolution of the Tertiary Maronia porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, Thrace, Greece. Mineralium Deposita, 37, 648-668.

Melfos V., Voudouris P. (2017). Cenozoic metallogeny of Greece and potential for precious, critical and rare metals exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 89, 1030–1057.

Melfos, V., Voudouris, P., Melfou M., Sánchez M.G., Papadopoulou L., Filippidis A., Spry P.G., Schaarschmidt A., Klemd R., Haase K.M., Tarantola A., Mavrogonatos C. (2020). Mineralogical Constraints on the Potassic and Sodic-Calcic Hydrothermal Alteration and Vein-Type Mineralization of the Maronia Porphyry Cu-Mo ± Re ± Au Deposit in NE Greece. Minerals, 10, 182, 26 p.

Moritz, R., Márton, I., Ortelli, M., Marchev, P., Voudouris, P., Bonev, N., Spikings, R., Cosca, M., 2010. A review of age constraints of epithermal precious and base metal deposits of the Tertiary Eastern Rhodopes: coincidence with Late Eocene-Early Oligocene tectonic plate reorganization along the Tethys. In: Christofides, G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the XIX Congress of the Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association, Thessaloniki. Scientific Annals of the School of Geology A.U.Th. 100, pp. 351–358.

Muntean, J., Einaudi, M.T., 2000. Porphyry gold deposits of the Refugio district, Maricunga belt, Northern Chile. Econ. Geol. 95, 1445–1472.

Muntean, J.L., Einaudi, M.T., 2001. Porphyry-epithermal transition: Maricunga belt, northern Chile. Econ. Geol. 96, 743–772.

Ortelli, M., Moritz, R., Voudouris, P., Cosca, M., Spangenberg, J., 2010. Tertiary porphyry and epithermal association of the Sapes-Kassiteres district, Eastern Rhodopes, Greece. In: Proceedings of the 8th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Fribourg, 19th-20th November 2010, pp. 83–84.

Ortelli, M., Moritz, R., Voudouris, P., Spangenberg, J., 2009. Tertiary porphyry and epithermal association of the Sapes-Kassiteres district, Eastern Rhodopes, Greece. In: Williams, P., et al., (Eds.), Smart science for exploration and mining. Proceedings 10th SGA meeting, Townsville, Australia, pp. 536–538.

Papoulis, D., & Tsolis-Katagas, P. (2008). Formation of alteration zones and kaolin genesis, Limnos Island, northeast Aegean Sea, Greece. Clay Minerals, 43(4), 631-646.

Proffett, J. M. (2003). Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper-gold deposit, Argentina. Economic Geology, 98(8), 1535-1574.

Sillitoe, R. H. (2008). Special paper: major gold deposits and belts of the North and South American Cordillera: distribution, tectonomagmatic settings, and metallogenic considerations. Economic Geology, 103(4), 663-687.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1998, Major regional factors favouring large size, high hypogene grade, elevated gold content and supergene oxidation and enrichment of porphyry copper deposits, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: A global perspective: Adelaide, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 21−34.Sillitoe, R. H. (1997). Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper‐gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circum‐Pacific region. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44(3), 373-388.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Econ. Geol. 105, 3–41.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Perelló, J., 2005, Andean copper province: ectonomagmatic settings, deposit types, metallogeny, exploration, and discovery: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 845−890.

Titley, S. R., Thompson, R. C., Haynes, F. M., Manske, S. L., Robison, L. C., & White, J. L. (1986). Evolution of fractures and alteration in the Sierrita-Esperanza hydrothermal system, Pima County, Arizona. Economic Geology, 81(2), 343-370.Geraghty et al.1988,

Voudouris P (2006) A comparative mineralogical study of Te-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems in northeastern Greece. Mineral Petrol 87:241–275

Voudouris P, Alfieris (2005) New porphyry – Cu±Mo occurrences in the north eastern Aegean, Greece: Ore mineralogy and epithermal relationships. In: Mao J, Bierlein FP (eds) Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge. Springer Verlag, p 473–476.

Voudouris P, Skarpelis N (1998) Epithermal gold-silver mineralization at Perama (Thrace) and Lemnos Island. Geol Soc Greece Bull 32:125–135

Voudouris P., Mavrogonatos C., Melfos V., Spry P.G., Magganas A., Alfieris D., Soukis K., Tarantola A., Periferakis A., Kołodziejczyk J., Scheffer C., Repstock A., Zeug M. (2019). The geology and mineralogy of the Stypsi porphyry Cu-Mo-Au-Re prospect, Lesvos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Ore Geology Reviews, 112.

Voudouris P., Mavrogonatos C., Spry P.G., Baker T., Melfos V., Klemd R., Haase K., Repstock A., Djiba A., Bismayer U., Tarantola A., Scheffer C., Moritz R.,Kouzmanov K., Alfieris D., Papavassiliou K., Schaarschmidt A., Galanopoulos E., Galanos E., Kołodziejczyk J., Stergiou C., Melfou M. (2019). Porphyry and epithermal deposits in Greece: an overview, new discoveries, and mineralogical constraints on their genesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 107, 654–691.

Voudouris P., Melfos V., Spry P.G., Bindi L., Moritz R., Ortelli M. Kartal T. (2013). Extremely Re-Rich Molybdenite from Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Prospects in Northeastern Greece: Mode of occurrence, causes of enrichment, and implications for gold exploration. Minerals, 3, 165-191.

Voudouris P., Melfos V., Spry P.G., Kartal T., Schleicher H., Moritz R., Ortelli M. (2013). The Pagoni Rachi/Kirki Cu-Mo±Re±Au deposit, Northern Greece: Mineralogical and fluid inclusion constrains on the evolution of a telescoped porphyry-epithermal system. Canadian Mineralogist, 51, 411-442.

Voudouris P.C., Melfos V., Spry P.G., Bindi L., Kartal T., Arikas K., Moritz R., Ortelli M. (2009). Rhenium-rich molybdenite and rheniite (ReS2) in the Pagoni Rachi-Kirki Mo-Cu-Te-Ag-Au deposit, Northern Greece: Implications for the rhenium geochemistry of porphyry style Cu-Mo and Mo mineralization. Canadian Mineralogist, 47, 1013-1036.

Wilkinson, W.H., Jr., Vega, L.A., and Titley, S.R., 1982, Geology and ore deposits at Mineral Park, Mohave County, Arizona, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 523−541.

Μουντράκης Δ. (2010). Γεωλογία και γεωτεκτονική εξέλιξη της Ελλάδας. University Studio Press. 374 σ.

Σακελλαρίου, Δ. Θ. (1993). Tectonometamorphic evolution of the geotectonic units of the Chalkidiki peninsula. Δελτίον της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, 28(1), 165-177.

• http:/www.indicoresources.com/s/CopperPorphyryDeposits.asp

• orykta.gr/oryktes-protes-yles-tis-ellados/metalleytika-orykta/130-halkopyrites

• copperalliance.gr/about-copper-and-its-alloys-resources

• orykta.gr/geologia-oryktologia/oryktoi-poroi-koitasmatologia


Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά

  • Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.