A virtual reconstruction of the deformed DFN3-150 Early Pleistocene Paradolichopithecus cranium from Dafnero-3, Greece = Ψηφιακή ανακατασκευή του παραμορφωμένου κρανίου DFN3-150 του κάτω-πλειστοκαινικού Paradolichopithecus από τη θέση Δαφνερό-3, Ελλάδα.
Περίληψη
Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με την ψηφιακή ανακατασκευή του παραμορφωμένου κρανίου LGPUT DFN3-150 του Κάτω-Πλειστοκαινικού Paradolichopithecus aff. αrvernensis της θέσης Δαφνερό-3, Ελλάδα. Η αποσπασματική παρουσία του Paradolichopithecus στην Ευρασία στο Κάτω Πλειστόκαινο και η απότομη εξαφάνιση του από το αρχείο απολιθωμάτων στα τέλη του Κάτω Πλειστοκαίνου, τοποθετεί το παρόν κρανίο στο κέντρο του παλαιοντολογικού ενδιαφέροντος, τόσο σε ταξινομικό όσο και εξελικτικό επίπεδο. Έχουν περάσει περισσότερα από εκατό χρόνια από όταν ο Wilhelm C. R?ntgen εισήγαγε τις ακτίνες Χ στο κοινό, και λιγότερο από μια γενιά που η αξονική τομογραφία αξιοποιήθηκε στην ανακατασκευή απολιθωμένων κρανίων. Παρέχεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή της ιστορίας, των αρχών και των μηχανισμών που επιτρέπουν στο εργασιακό οργανόγραμμα να αποτελεί ένα καλώς διαμορφωμένο πλαίσιο έρευνας. Αξιοποιώντας δύο βασικές αρχές της βιολογίας σκελετικών δειγμάτων στην παρούσα εργασία, την πλευρική αμφισυμμετρία και την αρχικά ομαλή ακολουθία καμπύλωσης των εξωτερικών επιφανειών των κρανίων, το LGPUT DFN3-150 υποβλήθηκε αρχικά στην διαδικασία της «κατάτμησης», στο υπολογιστικό περιβάλλον των εφαρμογών Aviso® 9.2.0 Lite και Aviso® 7.0.0 (Visualization Sciences Group). Η διαδικασία αυτή εφαρμόζεται απευθείας στα δεδομένα της αξονικής τομογραφίας, επιτρέποντας τον διαχωρισμό του ιζήματος από τα οστά, όπως επίσης την διαίρεση του οστού σε διαφορετικές ομάδες. Οι ομάδες θα μπορέσουν στη συνέχεια να διαχειριστούν αυτόνομα, ώστε οποιαδήποτε δομή να μπορεί να ανακατασκευαστεί επανατοποθετώντας τα επιμέρους τμήματά της. Για το LGPUT DFN3-150 διαχωρίστηκαν είκοσι πέντε τμήματα από το αρχικό απολίθωμα, αλλά δεν αποτελούν όλα προϊόντα πλήρους διάρρηξης. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά σχεδιάστηκαν και «αποσπάσθηκαν» ψηφιακά μεταξύ διατηρημένων ραφών, ή ακολουθώντας κάποιες ζώνες ραφών. Για να μειωθεί η διαγενετική συν- και μετά-ταφική παραμόρφωση, ενώ παράλληλα να μελετηθούν τα αποτελέσματα εφαρμογής διαφορετικών τακτικών ανακατασκευής, δημιουργήθηκαν τρία μοντέλα. Τα πρώτα δύο αναφέρονται στην προσπάθεια ελαχιστοποίησης της παραμόρφωσης στη δεξιά πλευρά του κρανίου, διορθώνοντας την μετατόπιση που υπέστη η δεξιά άνω γνάθος. Το τρίτο μοντέλο αποτελεί ένα μοντέλο «αντικατοπτρισμού» όπου όλα τα θραύσματα της αριστερής πλευράς αντιγράφηκαν και αναστράφηκαν. Έπειτα, ακολουθώντας την επανατοποθέτηση του αριστερό μετωπικού θραύσματος με το αντίγραφό του, σε ένα οβελιαίο επίπεδο συμμετρίας, τα υπόλοιπα θραύσματα επανατοποθετήθηκαν ακολουθώντας την θέση τους στο άλλα δύο μοντέλα. Όταν αυτά τα μοντέλα αντιπαραβάλλονται με το αρχικό απολίθωμα, η εντονότερη διαφορά έγκειται στο νέο διευρημένο πλάτος. Αυτό επηρεάζει το σχήμα του ινιακού τρήμματος, προσδίδοντάς του ένα πιο κυκλικό περίγραμμα, χαρακτήρας που παρατηρείται και στα τρία μοντέλα. Σχετικά με την παραμόρφωση μεταξύ του αρχικού απολιθώματος και του μοντέλου αντικατοπτρισμού, το τελευταίο διαφοροποιείται στο σχήμα της υπερόφριας ακρολοφίας, το καμπύλο περίγραμμα της οποίας συνιστά ένα θέμα προς συζήτηση, κατά πόσο δηλαδή αποτελεί αυθεντικό μορφολογικό χαρακτήρα ή είναι το προϊόν της πλαστικής παραμόρφωσης που δεν μπορούσε να εξαλειφθεί με τις παρούσες τεχνικές. Καταλήγοντας, μια ενδελεχής εφαρμογή μεθόδων «αντιστροφής» της παραμόρφωσης θα ήταν χρήσιμη για την εξαγωγή ενός πλήρως ανακατασκευασμένου μοντέλο του LGPUT DFN3-150 καθώς η πλαστική παραμόρφωση ευθύνεται για την πλειονότητα της συν- και μετά-ταφικής επίδρασης στο απολίθωμα.
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