Εξώφυλλο

A virtual reconstruction of the deformed DFN3-150 Early Pleistocene Paradolichopithecus cranium from Dafnero-3, Greece = Ψηφιακή ανακατασκευή του παραμορφωμένου κρανίου DFN3-150 του κάτω-πλειστοκαινικού Paradolichopithecus από τη θέση Δαφνερό-3, Ελλάδα.

Stylianos Athanasios Koutalis

Περίληψη


The present thesis deals with the virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene LGPUT DFN3-150 Paradolichopithecus aff. arvernensis deformed cranium from Dafnero-3 site, Greece. The tessellated presence of the Paradolichopithecus species across Eurasia in the Early Pleistocene and its abrupt disappearance from the record in the late Early Pleistocene, places the studied cranium in the front of paleontological interest, both in a taxonomical and evolutionary context. It has been more than a hundred years since Wilhelm C. R?ntgen introduced X-rays to the public, and a little less than a generation that Computed Tomography was exploited for the reconstruction of fossil crania. A brief description of the history, the principles and configurations that allowed the present workflow to be a well-established framework of research is provided. Here, utilizing two basic principles of skeletal biological samples, namely bilateral symmetry and smoothness of a craniums’ initial outer surface curvature, LGPUT DFN3-150 was firstly submitted to the segmentation process in Avizo® 9.2.0 Lite and Avizo® 7.0.0 (Visualization Sciences Group). The segmentation procedure applies directly on CT data, and allows to separate the sediment matrix from the bone, as well as to divide the latter in different groups, namely labels. Then, those labels can be manipulated independently, thus any examined structure can be restored by repositioning the fragments. For LGPUT DNF3-150 cranium, twenty-five fragments where extracted from the initial fossil, but not all are result of clear breakage. Most of them were segmented in preserved sutures or in some cases partially following sutures. In order to eliminate syn- and post-burial deformation, and in parallel to study the results of different tactics on the reconstruction, three virtual models were created. The first two deal with minimizing the effect that deformation had on the right side of the cranium, by correcting the displacement of the right maxillary fragment. The third model constitutes a mirror reconstruction were all left fragments were duplicated. Then, following a sagittal relocation of the left frontal fragment and its mirrored counterpart, the rest of the left fragments followed the position acquired in the previous two models. When the reconstructions are considered in relation to the original fossil, the most evident difference is the new width. This may have an effect on foramen magnum shape, giving it a more circular contour. This is observed in all three reconstructions provided. In terms of deformation, between the original and the mirror model, it is clear that the later differentiates in the shape of the supraorbital torus, and its curved contour is a matter of discussion, whether it is a valuable morphological signal or rather an effect of the plastic deformation that couldn’t be eliminated by the currently used techniques. Concluding, a thorough application of retrodeformation methods could be more useful in providing a solid shape restoration for LGPUT DFN3-150, since plastic deformation accounts for the majority of the syn- and post-burial damage of this fossil.   

Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με την ψηφιακή ανακατασκευή του παραμορφωμένου κρανίου LGPUT DFN3-150 του Κάτω-Πλειστοκαινικού Paradolichopithecus aff. αrvernensis της θέσης Δαφνερό-3, Ελλάδα. Η αποσπασματική παρουσία  του Paradolichopithecus στην Ευρασία στο Κάτω Πλειστόκαινο και η απότομη εξαφάνιση του από το αρχείο απολιθωμάτων στα τέλη του Κάτω Πλειστοκαίνου, τοποθετεί το παρόν κρανίο στο κέντρο του παλαιοντολογικού ενδιαφέροντος, τόσο σε ταξινομικό όσο και εξελικτικό επίπεδο. Έχουν περάσει περισσότερα από εκατό χρόνια από όταν ο Wilhelm C. R?ntgen εισήγαγε τις ακτίνες Χ στο κοινό, και λιγότερο από μια γενιά που η αξονική τομογραφία αξιοποιήθηκε στην ανακατασκευή απολιθωμένων κρανίων. Παρέχεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή της ιστορίας, των αρχών και των μηχανισμών που επιτρέπουν στο εργασιακό οργανόγραμμα να αποτελεί ένα καλώς διαμορφωμένο πλαίσιο έρευνας. Αξιοποιώντας δύο βασικές αρχές της βιολογίας σκελετικών δειγμάτων στην παρούσα εργασία, την πλευρική αμφισυμμετρία και την αρχικά ομαλή ακολουθία καμπύλωσης των εξωτερικών επιφανειών των κρανίων, το LGPUT DFN3-150 υποβλήθηκε αρχικά στην διαδικασία της «κατάτμησης», στο υπολογιστικό περιβάλλον των εφαρμογών Aviso® 9.2.0 Lite και Aviso® 7.0.0 (Visualization Sciences Group). Η διαδικασία αυτή εφαρμόζεται απευθείας στα δεδομένα της αξονικής τομογραφίας, επιτρέποντας τον διαχωρισμό του ιζήματος από τα οστά, όπως επίσης την διαίρεση του οστού σε διαφορετικές ομάδες. Οι ομάδες θα μπορέσουν στη συνέχεια να διαχειριστούν αυτόνομα, ώστε οποιαδήποτε δομή να μπορεί να ανακατασκευαστεί επανατοποθετώντας τα επιμέρους τμήματά της. Για το LGPUT DFN3-150 διαχωρίστηκαν είκοσι πέντε τμήματα από το αρχικό απολίθωμα, αλλά δεν αποτελούν όλα προϊόντα πλήρους διάρρηξης. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά σχεδιάστηκαν και «αποσπάσθηκαν» ψηφιακά μεταξύ διατηρημένων ραφών, ή ακολουθώντας κάποιες ζώνες ραφών. Για να μειωθεί η διαγενετική συν- και μετά-ταφική παραμόρφωση, ενώ παράλληλα να μελετηθούν τα αποτελέσματα εφαρμογής διαφορετικών τακτικών ανακατασκευής, δημιουργήθηκαν τρία μοντέλα. Τα πρώτα δύο αναφέρονται στην προσπάθεια ελαχιστοποίησης της παραμόρφωσης στη δεξιά πλευρά του κρανίου, διορθώνοντας την μετατόπιση που υπέστη η δεξιά άνω γνάθος. Το τρίτο μοντέλο αποτελεί ένα μοντέλο «αντικατοπτρισμού» όπου όλα τα θραύσματα της αριστερής πλευράς αντιγράφηκαν και αναστράφηκαν. Έπειτα, ακολουθώντας την επανατοποθέτηση του αριστερό μετωπικού θραύσματος με το αντίγραφό του, σε ένα οβελιαίο επίπεδο συμμετρίας, τα υπόλοιπα θραύσματα επανατοποθετήθηκαν ακολουθώντας την θέση τους στο άλλα δύο μοντέλα. Όταν αυτά τα μοντέλα αντιπαραβάλλονται με το αρχικό απολίθωμα, η εντονότερη διαφορά έγκειται στο νέο διευρημένο πλάτος. Αυτό επηρεάζει το σχήμα του ινιακού τρήμματος, προσδίδοντάς του ένα πιο κυκλικό περίγραμμα, χαρακτήρας που παρατηρείται και στα τρία μοντέλα. Σχετικά με την παραμόρφωση μεταξύ του αρχικού απολιθώματος και του μοντέλου αντικατοπτρισμού, το τελευταίο διαφοροποιείται στο σχήμα της υπερόφριας ακρολοφίας, το καμπύλο περίγραμμα της οποίας συνιστά ένα θέμα προς συζήτηση, κατά πόσο δηλαδή αποτελεί αυθεντικό μορφολογικό χαρακτήρα ή είναι το προϊόν της πλαστικής παραμόρφωσης που δεν μπορούσε να εξαλειφθεί με τις παρούσες τεχνικές. Καταλήγοντας, μια ενδελεχής εφαρμογή μεθόδων «αντιστροφής» της παραμόρφωσης θα ήταν χρήσιμη για την εξαγωγή ενός πλήρως ανακατασκευασμένου μοντέλο του LGPUT DFN3-150 καθώς η πλαστική παραμόρφωση ευθύνεται για την πλειονότητα της συν- και μετά-ταφικής επίδρασης στο απολίθωμα.

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