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Μελέτη των Πλειστοκαινικών ιπποειδών Eltgen (θέσεις Λιβακος, Καπετάνιος, Πολύλακκος, Δ. Μακεδονία) = Study of the pleiocene Equids of the Eltgen collection (Localities Livakos, Kapetanios, Polylakkos, W. Macedonia)

Αναστασία Γ. Γκεμέ

Περίληψη


Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των πλειστοκαινικών ιπποειδών της συλλογής Eltgen του Μουσείου Γεωλογίας & Παλαιοντολογίας του ΑΠΘ, τα οποία αντιπροσωπεύονται αποκλειστικά από το γένος Equus. Το υλικό προέρχεται από τις απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις Λίβακος (LIB), Καπετάνιος (KPT) και Πολύλακκος (POL) (Δυτική Μακεδονία), καθώς και από ορισμένα μεμονωμένα επιφανειακά δείγματα από την ευρύτερη περιοχή της Σιάτιστας (E-SIA), που περιλαμβάνονται στην ανωτέρω συλλογή. Η μελέτη των ιπποειδών της συλλογής Eltgen έδειξε πως ανήκουν στις τυπικές «stenonoid» μορφές, επομένως η σύγκρισή τους περιορίζεται στις αντίστοιχες «stenonoid» μορφές ιπποειδών του ελληνικού και ευρωπαϊκού χώρου. Η λεπτομερής περιγραφή του υλικού επιτρέπει την ταξινόμηση των ιπποειδών σε δύο «stenonoid» μορφές. Στις απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις Λίβακος και Πολύλακκος, καθώς και σε ορισμένα δείγματα από την Σιάτιστα, προσδιορίστηκε το είδος Equus altidens [=E. s. cf. senezensis (Steensma 1988)], ενώ στον Πολύλακκο, το μοναδικό μετακαρπικό αναφέρεται ως Equus cf. altidens [=E. s. cf. senezensis (Steensma 1988)]. Πρόκειται για μία stenonoid μορφή αλόγου, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από τα λεπτότερα και επιμηκέστερα μεταπόδια και φάλαγγες σε σχέση με όλα τα υποείδη του E. stenonis. Μία δεύτερη μορφή «stenonoid» αλόγου από την Σιάτιστα και τον Καπετάνιο, αναφέρεται ως Equus sp. [=E. stenonis ssp. B (Steensma 1988)]. Η αναγνώριση του είδουςE. altidens στον Λίβακο είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική διότι αντιστοιχεί στις μεγάλες πανιδικές αλλαγές των ευρωπαϊκών πανίδων των θηλαστικών του Κάτω Πλειστόκαινου, όπου για τα ιπποειδή, το Equusstenonisαντικαθίσταται από το E. altidens. Η αλλαγή αυτή ανταποκρίνεται σε αλλαγές στις συνθήκες διαβίωσης των ζώων από ένα περιβάλλον πιο δασώδες σε ένα περιβάλλον ανοιχτών λιβαδιών. Παράλληλα η εμφάνιση του είδους αυτού στη θέση της Γερακαρούς (η οποία χρονολογείται στα ~1,8 εκ. χρόνια), επικυρώνει την μετανάστευσή του από την Ασία και την είσοδό του στον ευρωπαϊκό χώρου νωρίτερα απ’ ότι πιστεύονταν έως τώρα. Η συνύπαρξη τόσο πρωτόγονων ειδών (Stephanorhinusetruscuscf. etruscus, Palaeotragusinexpectatus, Leptobossp.), όσο και πιο εξελιγμένων (Pseudodama cf. nestii eurygonos, Praedama aff. savini, Pontoceros ambiquus mediterraneus, Equus altidens) σε συνδυασμό με την παρουσία του Hippopotamus antiquus επιτρέπουν την χρονολόγηση του Λίβακου στο Ανώτερο Βιλλαφράγκιο, περίπου στα 1,6-1,8 εκ. χρόνια (MNQ 19).

The aim of the present master thesis is the study of the Pleistocene equid fossil remains included in Eltgen’s collection (Museum of Geology & Paleontology, AUTh).The fossils come from the fossiliferous localities of Livakos (LIB), Kapetanios (KPT) and Polylakkos (POL) (Western Macedonia). The stenonoid equids from Livakos and Polylakkos belong to a single small-sized species. The dimensions of the specimens are within the size variation of Equusaltidens and the equid from Gerakarou (Equus altidens = E. s. mygdoniensis), allowing their attribution to this species. Equus altidens is characterized by more slender metapodials and phalanges compared to those of E. stenonis. A second stenonoid horse from Siatista and Kapetanios, is referred here as Equus sp. (= E. stenonis ssp. B according to Steensma 1988). The presence of the grazer E. altidens in Livakos is very important because it coincides with a significant faunal renewal in early Pleistocene of South-Eastern Europe and the successive replacement of extensive forested terrain by open grassy landscapes at between 1.8 and 1.2 Ma. The recognition of E. altidens also in Gerakarou locality (which is dated to ~ 1.8 Ma), validates the invasion of the species in Europe earlier than previously thought. The faunal combination in Livakos where more archaic elements such as Stephanorhinus etruscus cf. etruscus, Palaeotragus inexpectatus, Leptobos sp. co-occur with more modern ones like Pseudodama cf. nestii eurygonos, Praedama aff. savini, Pontoceros ambiquus mediterraneus, Equus altidens (more advanced species) and Hippopotamus antiquus, suggests that Livakos is placed chronologically between Gerakarou (1,8 Ma, MNQ18) and Apollonia (1,2 Ma, MNQ20) at the Late Villafranchian, at about 1.6-1.8 Ma (MNQ 19).


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