[Εξώφυλλο]

Μελέτη εκτίμησης - πρόβλεψης της βροχόπτωσης στην περιοχή της Θεσσαλίας. Study of rainfall estimation - prediction in the area of Thessaly

Χριστίνα Πατσίκα

Περίληψη


Αντικειμενικός σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της μεταβλητής της βροχόπτωσης και η εκτίμηση του ημερήσιου ποσού αυτής με τη βοήθεια στατιστικών μοντέλων. Πρόκειται για μια από τις σημαντικότερες μετεωρολογικές και κλιματικές μεταβλητές που παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη μιας αγροτικής περιοχής, όπως είναι η περιοχή της Θεσσαλίας όπου πραγματοποιείται η μελέτη. Κύριος στόχος είναι η δημιουργία ενός προγνωστικού μοντέλου ικανού να αναπαριστά τις συνθήκες που επικρατούν κατά την εκδήλωση του φαινομένου και να εκτιμά την ποσότητα της βροχής που θα φτάσει στο έδαφος. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου αυτού, χρησιμοποιούνται ημερήσια τιμές βροχόπτωσης του συνοπτικού σταθμού της Λάρισας καθώς και δεδομένα συνοπτικών και δυναμικών παραμέτρων για την περίοδο 1979-2015. Η δημιουργία του προγνωστικού μοντέλου πραγματοποιείται, αρχικά, με τη βοήθεια της στατιστικής μεθόδου, της πολλαπλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης. Η εκτίμηση του ακριβού ποσού βροχόπτωσης αποτελεί μια δύσκολη διαδικασία λόγω της πολυπλοκότητας του φαινομένου της βροχής. Αυτό φαίνεται και από το σχετικά μικρό βαθμό συσχέτισης των παρατηρήσεων με τις εκτιμήσεις του μοντέλου (0,48). Μετασχηματίζοντας τα δεδομένα βροχόπτωσης, με στόχο τη μείωση της μεταβλητότητας της μεταβλητής, επιτυγχάνεται βελτίωση στις εκτιμήσεις του μοντέλου, με το συντελεστή συσχέτισης να ανέρχεται στην τιμή 0,54. Ωστόσο, ένα απλό γραμμικό μοντέλο δεν είναι επαρκές για την εκτίμηση μιας μεταβλητής με έντονη μεταβλητότητα τιμών όπως είναι η βροχόπτωση. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου, επιδιώκεται η μελέτη της βροχόπτωσης και η εκτίμηση αυτής ως διακριτή μεταβλητή (διαχωρίζοντας τα ποσά της σε 4 κατηγορίες), εφαρμόζοντας τη μέθοδος της διαχωριστικής ανάλυσης (discriminant analysis). Το μοντέλο που προκύπτει αδυνατεί να εκτιμήσει ποσά βροχής άνω των 3mm (χαμηλά ποσοστά επιτυχίας), δείχνοντας έτσι την αδυναμία του μοντέλου να εκτιμήσει τέτοια ποσά με τις παραμέτρους που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τη δημιουργία αυτού. Παράλληλα, η αδυναμία αυτή του μοντέλου μπορεί να οφείλεται στη μη πληρότητα όλων των προϋποθέσεων εφαρμογής της μεθόδου. Παρ' όλα αυτά,
σύμφωνα με τα μέτρα, που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την αξιολόγηση του μοντέλου, παρατηρείται μια θετική επιδεξιότητα στην πρόγνωση αυτού. Στην βελτίωση της πρόγνωσης ενός μοντέλου βροχόπτωσης, καθοριστικό ρόλο παίζει η γνώση της συμπεριφοράς της βροχόπτωσης με βάση τη συνοπτική κατάσταση της ατμόσφαιρας. Ταξινομώντας τις ημέρες βροχής της περιόδου 1958-2015, με βάση τη συνοπτική κατάταξη Καρακώστα (1992,2003), μελετάται η σχέση που συνδέει τη μεταβλητή της βροχόπτωσης με τις συνοπτικές καταστάσεις της κατάταξης. Από τη μελέτη αυτή προκύπτει ότι οι συνοπτικές καταστάσεις που διαμορφώνουν το βροχομετρικό προφίλ της περιοχής είναι οι καταστάσεις του ανοιχτού κυματισμού (L-1), του κλειστού χαμηλού (L-2), του αποκομμένου χαμηλού (L-3) και της νοτιοδυτικής κυκλοφορίας, για τις οποίες προτείνονται ως καταλληλότερα μοντέλα κατανομών για τη βροχόπτωση η Gamma, η Generalized Pareto, η Weibull και η Generalized Pareto αντίστοιχα. Από την εφαρμογή των μοντέλων στην περίοδο αξιολόγησης(2005-2015), προκύπτει η αδυναμία ενός μοντέλου να αναπαράγει τη συμπεριφορά της βροχόπτωσης λόγω της ανομοιογένειας που εμφανίζει η μεταβλητή σε μηνιαία βάση. Για το λόγο αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν έλεγχοι ομοιογένειας για τους μήνες μελέτης και προτείνονται ειδικά μοντέλα κατανομών για τους ομοιογενείς μήνες που προκύπτουν.
 
The objective of study is to study the rainfall variability and to estimate its daily amount by means of statistical models. Rainfalls one of the most important meteorological and climatic variables that play an important role in the development of a rural area, such as the region of Thessaly. The main objective is to develop a predictive model, which is capable of representing the prevailing conditions at the occurrence of the phenomenon and estimating the rainfall amount that will reach the ground. To achieve this goal, daily rainfall data and synoptic and dynamic parameters' data for the period 1979-2015 are used. Rainfall data obtained from observations of the Larissa's meteorological station. The development of the predictive model is initially carried out by means of the statistical method of the multiple regression. Estimating the exact amount of rainfall is a difficult process due to the complexity of the rainfall phenomenon. It is also apparent from the relatively low correlation of observations with model's estimations, which corresponds to 0.48. Transforming rainfall data to reduce variability of rainfall, an improvement in model predictions is achieved, with the correlation coefficient rising to 0.54. However, a simple linear model is not sufficient to estimate a variable with high variability such as rainfall. To achieve the goal, the study of rainfall and its study as a discrete variable is sought. By divide the rainfall into 4 categories, the statistical method of the discriminant analysis is applied. The functions, are resulted of applying the discriminant analysis which are representative of the state of the atmosphere and capable of reproducing the rainfall amounts. For rainfall amounts over 3mm, the percentages are lower, thus showing the model's inability to estimate such amounts with the parameters used to develop it. At the same time, this inability of the model may be due to the incompleteness of all the conditions for applying the method. Nevertheless, according to the verification measures, there is a positive skill in model's predictions. To improve the prediction of a rainfall model, the study of the rainfall behavior based on the atmosphere synoptic situation is crucial. By classifying the rain days of the period 1958-2015, based on the synoptic classification of Karakostas (1992,2003), the relationship between the rainfall variability and the synoptic situations of the classification is studied. From this study it follows that the synoptic situations that form the rainfall profile of the area are L-1, L-2, L-3 and Southwest flow(SW). For these situations, suitable rainfall distribution models are developed. In particular, for the L-1 situation, a model of the Gamma distribution is proposed, for L-2 for Generalized Pareto, for L-3 for Weibull, and for Generalized Pareto for SW. In addition to rainfall modeling based on the prevailing synoptic situation, the ability of the aforementioned models to reproduce the behavior of rainfall due to its differentiation in monthly basis. For this reason, homogeneity tests were conducted for the months of  study and specific models of distributions are proposed for the resulting homogeneous months.


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