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Μοντελοποίηση ταμιευτηρίων υδρογονανθράκων = Modelity of petrolieum reservoirs
Περίληψη
Τα αρχικά κεφάλαια της εργασίας έχουν κυρίως γεωλογικό χαρακτήρα, και εξετάζουν συνοπτικά την ερμηνεία των σεισμικών δεδομένων, εισάγοντας κεντρικές έννοιες της στρωματογραφίας ιζηματογενών ακολουθιών, όπως οι στρωματογραφικές ακολουθίες, η κίνηση της ακτογραμμής, η ερμηνεία των επαφών, και ο διαχωρισμός των ακολουθιών σε υποενότητες.
Έπειτα, εξετάζονται με μεγαλύτερη λεπτομέρεια οι κύριοι τύποι ταμιευτήρων υδρογονανθράκων, οι ψαμμιτικοί και οι ανθρακικοί.
Στην συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά οι βασικές έννοιες γεωστατιστικής που χρησιμοποιούνται από μηχανικούς και λογισμικά για την καλύτερη προσομοίωση των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών, όπως τα βαριογράμματα. Έπειτα, εξετάζεται η στατιστική προσέγγιση Kriging και ορισμένες παραλλαγές της, όπως Simple Kriging, Ordinary Kriging, CoKriging και Kriging with External Drift.
Ύστερα, εξετάζεται η εφαρμογή των παραπάνω μεθόδων γεωστατικής προσέγγισης, στις τρείς βασικές μορφές μοντελοποίησης, pixel based, object based και texture based.
Τέλος, αναλύεται η ροή εργασίας που ακολουθείται κατά την διάρκεια μοντελοποίησης. Εισάγονται οι έννοιες του rock model και property model παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά οι βασικές παράμετροι προς εξέταση, δηλαδή το πορώδες, η διαπερατότητα, και η αλληλεπίδραση των παραπάνω παραμέτρων.
Λέξεις κλειδιά : Στρωματογραφίας ιζηματογενών ακολουθιών, Γεωστατιστική, Kriging, pixel based modeling, rock model, property model
The target of the present thesis was the examination of the modeling of petroleum reservoir, from the initial geological concepts, to the work flow used by reservoirs engineers.
The first chapters of the thesis revolve around geology, and briefly examine the interpretation of seismic data. Information regarding fundamental sequence stratigraphy concepts is provided, such as stratigraphic sequences, shoreline trajectories, and system tracts.
Additionally, the main types of hydrocarbon reservoirs, siliclastic and carbonate, are examined in greater detail
In the next chapters, fundamental principles of geostatistics are analyzed. Those concepts include variograms, and the different forms of Kriging such as Simple Kriging, Ordinary Kriging, CoKriging and Kriging with External Drift.
The implementation of these principles in the form of pixel based, object based and texture based modeling is examined later.
Finally, the thesis briefly touches upon the work flow used in modeling of petroleum reservoir. Concepts such as rock model and property model, permeability and porosity are introduced and examined.
Key Words: Sequence stratigraphy, Geostatistics, Kriging, pixel based modeling, rock model, property model.
Πλήρες Κείμενο:
PDFΑναφορές
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίου 1, Εισαγωγικό Κείμενο
Βιβλία
Pyrcz, M. J., Deutsch, C. V. ( 2014 ). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom.
Ringrose, P. Bentley, M. ( 2015 ). Reservoir Model Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2015 Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
Slatt, R. M. ( 2007 ). Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists and Engineers, Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, Volume 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Slatt, R. M. ( 2013 ). Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers, Origin, Recognition, Initiation, and Reservoir Quality, Volume 61, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Εργασίες – Δημοσιεύσεις
Overeem, I. ( 2008 ). Geological Modeling: Deterministic and Stochastic Models, University of Colorado at Boulder.
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίου 2, Σεισμικά Δεδομένα
Catuneanu, O. (2006). Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Simm, R., Bacon, M. ( 2014 ). Seismic Amplitude, An Interpreter’s Handbook, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Slatt, R. M. ( 2006 ). Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers, 1st Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Εργασίες - Δημοσιεύσεις
Brown, A. R. Interpretation of Three – Dimensional Seismic Data, 6th Edition, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 42, SEG investigations in Geophysics, No. 9
Brown, A. R., Abriel, W., L., ( 2014 ), Detection of hydrocarbons using non-bright-spot seismic techniques, Interpretation, Vol. 2, No. 4, SP41–SP44
Singh, D., Kumar, P. C., Sain, K., ( 2016 ). Interpretation of gas chimney from seismic data using artificial neural network: A study from Maari 3D prospect in the Taranaki basin, New Zealand, Elsevier Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Vol. 36, Part A, pp. 339 – 357.
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίου 3, Sequence Stratigraphy
Βιβλία
Bates, R. L., Jackson, J. A. (Eds.), (1987). Glossary of Geology, 3rd Ed., American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, p. 788.
Catuneanu, O. (2006). Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Coe, Α. L., (2003). The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change. Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Emery, D., Myers, K., (1996). Sequence Stratigraphy, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Miall, D. A., ( 2010 ). The Geology of Stratigraphic Surfaces, 2nd Ed., Springer Science + Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
Slatt, R. M., ( 2006 ). Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers, 1st Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Εργασίες – Δημοσιεύσεις
Brown, L. F. Jr., Fisher, W. L. (1977). Seismic stratigraphic interpretation of depositional systems: examples from Brazilian rift and pull apart basins. In Seismic Stratigraphy–Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration (C. E. Payton, Ed.), pp. 213–248. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26.
Catuneanu, O. (2002). Sequence stratigraphy of clastic systems: concepts, merits, and pitfalls. Geological Society of Africa Presidential Review, No. 1, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2E3.
Catuneanu O., Abreu V., Bhattacharya J.P., Blum M.D., Dalrymple R.W., Eriksson P.G., Fielding C.R., Fisher W.L., Galloway W.E., Gibling M.R., Giles K.A., Holbrook J.M., Jordan R., Kendall C.G.St.C, Macurda B., Martinsen O.J., Miall A.D., Neal J.E., Nummedal D., Pomar L., Posamentier H.W., Pratt B.R., Sarg J.F., Shanley K.W., Steel R.J., Strasser A., Tucker M.E., Winker C. ( 2009 ). Towards the standardization of sequence Stratigraphy. Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 92, pp1-33.
Catuneanu, Ο., Galloway, W. E., Kendall, C. G. St. C., Miall, A. D., Posamentier H. W., Strasser, A., Tucker M. E. ( 2011 ). Newsletters on Stratigraphy, Vol. 44/3, pp. 173–245 Article, Stuttgart, November 2011.
Cross, T. A. (1991). High-resolution stratigraphic correlation from the perspectives of base-level cycles and sediment accommodation. In Unconformity Related Hydrocarbon Exploration and Accumulation in Clastic and Carbonate Settings (J. Dolson, Ed.), pp. 28–41. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Short Course Notes.
Embry, A. F., Catuneanu, O. ( 2002 ). Practical Sequence Stratigraphy: Concepts and Applications. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Short Course Notes.
Embry, A.F., Johannessen, E., Owen, D.E., Beauchamp, B., Gianolla, P. (2007). Sequence Stratigraphy as a “Concrete” Stratigraphic Discipline Report of the ISSC Task Group on Sequence Stratigraphy.
Embry, A.F. ( 2009 ). Practical Sequence Stratigraphy, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.
Galloway, W. E. (1989). Genetic stratigraphic sequences in basin analysis, I: Architecture and genesis of flooding-surface bounded depositional units. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 73.
Hunt, D., Tucker, M. E. (1992). Stranded parasequences and the forced regressive wedge systems tract: deposition during base level fall. Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 81, pp. 1–9.
Jervey, M. T. (1988). Quantitative geological modeling of siliciclastic rock sequences and their seismic expression. In Sea Level Changes–An Integrated Approach (C. K. Wilgus, B. S. Hastings, C. G. St.C. Kendall, H. W. Posamentier, C. A. Ross and J. C. Van Wagoner, Eds.), pp. 47–69. SEPM Special Publication 42.
Mitchum, R. M., Jr. (1977). Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, part 11: glossary of terms used in seismic stratigraphy. In Seismic Stratigraphy Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration (C. E. Payton, Ed.), American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26, pp. 205–212
Posamentier, H. W., Allen, G. P., James, D. P., and Tesson, M. (1992b). Forced regressions in a sequence stratigraphic framework: concepts, examples, and exploration significance. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 76, pp. 1687–1709.
Qayyum F., De Groot P., Hemstra N., Catuneanu O. ( 2014 ). 4D Wheeler diagrams: concept and applications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Vol. 404, 223-232.
Wilgus C. K., Hastings B. S., Posamentier H., Wagoner J. V., Ross C. A., Kendall C. G. St. C, (1988). Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Vol. 42
Ηλεκτρονικές Πηγές
URL: www.sepmstrata.org/
URL: strata.uga.edu/
URL: wiki.aapg.org
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίου 4, Τύποι Ταμιευτήρων
Βιβλία
Catuneanu, O. (2006). Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Chapter 5
Lucia, J. F. ( 2007 ). Carbonate Reservoir Characterization, An Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. Chapters 6 – 7
Miall, D. A., ( 2010 ). The Geology of Stratigraphic Surfaces, 2nd Ed., Springer Science + Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
Pyrcz, M. J., Deutsch, C. V. ( 2014 ). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom. Chapter 4
Ringrose, P., Bentley, M. ( 2015 ). Reservoir Model Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2015 Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. Chapter 6
Slatt, R. M. ( 2013 ). Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers, Origin, Recognition, Initiation, and Reservoir Quality, Volume 61, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Chapters 7 - 11
Εργασίες - Δημοσιεύσεις
Grecula, M., Hognestad, J., Price, S., McGarva R. ( 2014 ). Interplay of fan-fringe reservoir deterioration and hydrodynamic aquifer: Understanding the margins of gas development in the Ormen Lange Field. Geological Society Special Publications, London.
Fryberger, S. G. ( 2013 ) Stratigraphic aspects of the Tensleep play of Wyoming, Steven G. Fryberger, The Permian Hyatt Ranch Member of the Tensleep Formation, The 7th Annual Wyoming CO2 Conference – 2013.
Ηλεκτρονικές Πηγές
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Braided_fluvial_reservoirs
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Carbonate_reservoir
URL : wiki.aapg.org/Deep-water_marine_reservoirs
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Eolian_reservoirs
URL : wiki.aapg.org/Meandering_fluvial_reservoirs
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίων 5, Γενικές Έννοιες Γεωστατιστικής
Βιβλία
Gluyas J., Swarbrick R. ( 2004 ). Petroleum Geoscience, Blackwell Publishing Company, Hoboken, New Jersey. Chapters 1.5, 1.7
Ringrose P., Bentley M. ( 2015 ). Reservoir Model Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2015 Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. Chapters 1.1 – 1.9, 2.5 – 2.8, 3,4.
Pyrcz M. J., Deutsch C. V. ( 2014 ). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom. Chapters 1.4, 1.5, 2.2 -2.4
Εργασίες - Δημοσιεύσεις
Παπαδοπούλου Ε. Β. ( 2014 ). Χρήση ντετερμινιστικών και γεωστατιστικών μεθόδων παρεμβολής για τη δημιουργία ψηφιακών ισόσειστων καμπύλων σε περιβάλλον GIS. Εφαρμογή σε δεδομένα ισχυρών σεισμών του ελλαδικού χώρου. Μεταπτυχιακή Διπλωματική Εργασία, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης.
Bohlin G. ( 2005 ). Introduction to geostatistic and variogram analysis. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Kansas Geological Survey, Short Course 940.
Boisvert J, Pyrcz M. J., Deutsch C. V. ( 2006 ). Choosing Training Images and Checking Realizations with Multiple Point Statistics, Centre for Computational Geostatistics, No. 8.
Deutsch C. V., Tran T. T. ( 2001 ). FLUVSIM: a program for object-based stochastic modeling of fluvial depositional systems, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 26, Issue. 4.
Glacken I., Blackney P., Snowden Associates ( 1998 ). A practitioners implementation of indicator Kriging, Beyond Ordinary Kriging Symposium, 1998.
Hassanpour R. M., Deutsch C. V. ( 2010 ). An Introduction to Grid Free Object based Facies Modeling, CCG Annual Report 12, Paper 107.
He X. L., Sonnenborg T. O., Jørgensen F. and Jensen K. H. ( 2014 ). The effect of training image and secondary data integration with multiple-point geostatistics in groundwater modeling, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18, 2943-2954
Kessler T., Klint K. E., Renard P., Comunian A., Nilsson B. and Bjerg P. L., Multiple-point statistical approach to model geological heterogeneity. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Technical University of Denmark.
Majani B. S. ( 2007). Analysis of External Drift Kriging Algorithm with application to precipitation estimation in complex orography, Thesis submitted to International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation.
Meerschman E., Pirot G, Mariethoz G, Straubhaar J., Van Meirvenne M. and Renard P. ( 2012 ). A practical guide to performing multiple-point statistical simulations with the Direct Sampling algorithm, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 52.
Seifert D., Jensen J. L. ( 2000 ). Object and Pixel-Based Reservoir Modeling of a Braided Fluvial Reservoir. Mathematical Geology, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2000.
Van den Boogaart K. G. ( 2006 ). Some theory for Multiple Point Statistics: Fitting, checking and optimally exploiting the training image. Institute for Mathematics and Informatics, Greifswald University, Germany.
Ηλεκτρονικές Πηγές
URL: petrowiki.org/Kriging_and_cokriging
URL: petrowiki.org/Geostatistical_conditional_simulation
URL: petrowiki.org/Probability_and_uncertainty_analysis
URL: petrowiki.org/Geostatistical_reservoir_modeling
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίων 6, Ο στόχος του μοντέλου
Βιβλία
Ringrose P., Bentley M. ( 2015 ). Reservoir Model Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2015 Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. Chapters 1.1 – 1.9, 2.5 – 2.8, 3,4.
Pyrcz M. J., Deutsch C. V. ( 2014 ). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom. Chapters 1.4, 1.5, 2.2 -2.4
Εργασίες - Δημοσιεύσεις
Overeem I. ( 2008 ). Geological Modeling: Deterministic and Stochastic Models, University of Colorado at Boulde.
Αναφορές Κεφαλαίου 7 & 8, Rock Model & Property Mode
Βιβλία
Buryakovsky L., Eremenko N.A., Gorfunkel M.V. and Chilingarian G.V., ( 2005 ). Geology and Geochemistry of Oil and Gas, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Chapter 3.
Gluyas J., Swarbrick R. ( 2004 ). Petroleum Geoscience, Blackwell Publishing Company, Hoboken, New Jersey. Chapters 1.5.8 – 1.5.10
Pyrcz M. J., Deutsch C. V. ( 2014 ). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom. Chapters 4.6
Ringrose P., Bentley M. ( 2015 ). Reservoir Model Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2015 Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. Chapters 3.2, 3.6, 3.7
Εργασίες - Δημοσιεύσεις
Costa A. ( 2006 ). Permeability-porosity relationship: A reexamination of the Kozeny-Carman equation based on a fractal pore-space geometry assumption. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, L02318
Ehrenberg S. N., Eberli G. P., Keramati M., Moallemi S. A. ( 2006 ). Porosity-permeability relationships in interlayered limestone-dolostone reservoirs. AAPG Bullerin, Vol. 90(1), pp 91-114
Loucks R. G., Dogde M., M., Galloway W., E. ( 1986 ). Controls on Porosity and Permeability of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Lower Tertiary Sandstones along the Texas Gulf Coast, The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations No. 149, pp 78
Nelson P. H. ( 1994 ). Permeability – Porosity Relationships in Sedimentary Rocks. Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts, Vol. 35, Issue 03
Souche L., Iskenova G., Lepage F., Desmarest D. ( 2014 ). Construction of Structurally and Stratigraphically Consistent Structural Models Using the Volume-Based Modelling Technology: Applications to an Australian Dataset. International Petroleum Technology Conference, Conference Paper.
Ηλεκτρονικές Πηγές
URL: infohost.nmt.edu/~petro/faculty/Engler524/
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Permeability
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Porosity
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Wettability
URL: wiki.aapg.org/Relative_permeability_and_pore_type
URL: petrowiki.org/Rock_density_and_porosity
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