Εξώφυλλο

Γεωτεκτονική εξέλιξη των Άνδεων και σύγκριση με την εξέλιξη του ελληνικού ορογενούς = Geotectonic evolution of thw Andes and comparison to the evolution of thw Hellenic oregen.

Θεόδωρος Αθανάσιος Τσώτσος

Περίληψη


Η οροσειρά των Άνδεων αποτελεί μια από τις σημαντικότερες οροσειρές της Γης. Κυριαρχεί στη δυτική ακτή της Νοτίου Αμερικής και παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον, καθώς έχει μια μακρά ιστορία εξέλιξης από το Παλαιοζωικό μέχρι και σήμερα, με την ενεργή υποβύθιση της ωκεάνιας πλάκας Nazca κάτω από το ηπειρωτικό τέμαχος της Νοτίου Αμερικής. Παρουσιάζει μια πολύπλοκη δομή με διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά των επιμέρους τμημάτων της, και γι αυτό διακρίνεται σε βόρειο, κεντρικό και νότιο τμήμα. Με μια πολύπλοκη τεκτονική ιστορία που οδήγησε σε εντυπωσιακή ανύψωση και δημιουργία οροπεδίων, παίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην εξέλιξη των Άνδεων, ακόμη και στις κλιματικές συνθήκες της ευρύτερης περιοχής, καθώς αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό ψηλό “φράγμα” ανάμεσα στους δύο ωκεανούς, τον Ειρηνικό και τον Ατλαντικό. Εκτός από βασικά στοιχεία σε στάδια του γεωτεκτονικού κύκλου, το Ελληνικό ορογενές και το ορογενές των Άνδεων, δεν παρουσιάζουν ομοιότητες στην εξέλιξή τους.

The Andes Mountains are one of the most important mountain ranges on Earth. It dominates the western coast of South America and is of particular interest, as it has a long history of evolution from the Paleozoic to the present day, with the active subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the continental fragment of South America. It presents a complex structure with different characteristics of its individual parts, and is therefore distinguished in northern, central and southern part. A complex tectonic history that led to an impressive elevation and the creation of plateaus, plays a key role in the evolution of the Andes, even in the climatic conditions of the wider region, as it is an important high "dam" between the two oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic. Apart from basic elements in stages of the geotectonic cycle, the Hellenic orogeny and the orogeny of Andes, do not show similarities in their evolution.

Πλήρες Κείμενο:

PDF

Αναφορές


Aguirre-Urreta, M.B., and Ramos, V.A., 1981. Estratigrafia y Paleontologia de la Alta Cuenca del Rio Roble, Cordillera Patagonica, Provincia de Santa Cruz. VIII Congreso Geologico Argentino, Actas, 3, 101-138.

Allmendinger, R., Ramos, V.A., Jordan, T.E., Palma, M.A., and Isacks, B.I., 1983. Paleogeography and Andean structural geometry, northwest Argentina. Tectonics, 2, 1-16.

Allmendinger, R.W., and Gubbels, T., 1996. Pure and simple shear plateau uplift, Altiplano-Puna, Argentina and Bolivia. Tectonophysics, 259, 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00024-8.

Allmendinger, R.W., Jordan, T.E., Kay, S.M., and Isacks, B.L., 1997. The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25, 139-174. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.139.

Alonso, R.N., Jordan, T.E., Tabbutt, K.T., and Vandervoort, D.S., 1991. Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene central Andes. Geology, 19, 401-4.

Arbe, H.A., 2002. Analisis estratigrafico del Cretacico de la Cuenca Austral. In: M. Haller (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de Santa Cruz. XV Congreso Geologico Argentino, Relatario, 1, 103-128.

Aguirre-Urreta, M.B., 2002. Invertebrados del Cretacico inferior. In: Haller, M.J. (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de Santa Cruz. XV COngreso

Geologico Argentino, Relatorio, 2, 439-459.

Baby, P., Sempere, T., Oller, J., Barrios, L., Herail, G., and Marocco, R., 1990. Un Bassin en compression d’age oligo-miocene dans la sud de l’Altiplano bolivien. C. R. Acad. Sci. II, 311(2), 341-47.

Baker, M.C.W., and Francis, P.W., 1978. Upper Cenozoic volcanism in the Central Andes—Ages and volumes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 41, 175.

Beck, S.L., and Zandt, G., 2002. The nature of the orogenic crust in the central Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2230. DOI: 10.1029/2000JB000124.

Blisniuk, P., Stern, L., Champerlain, C., P., and Idleman B., 2005. Climatic and ecologic changes during Miocene surface uplift in the Southern Patagonian Andes. Earth and Palanetary Science Letters, 230 (1-2), 125-142.

Bossi, G.E., Georgieff, S.M., Gavriloff, I.J.C., Ibanez, L.M., and Muruaga, C.M., 2001. Cenozoic evolution of the intramontane Santa Maria Basin, Pampean Ranges, northwestern Argentina. South Am. Earth Sci., 14, 725-34.

Carrapa, B., Adelmann, D., Hilley, G.E., Mortimer, E., Sobel, E.R., and Strecker, M.R., 2005. Oligocene range uplift and development of plateau morphology in the southern Central Andes. Tectonics, 24. DOI: 10.1029/2004TC001762.

Carrapa, B., Strecker, M.R., and Sobel, E., 2006. Sedimentary, tectonic and thermochonologic evolution of the southernmost end of the Puna Plateau (NW Argentina). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 247, 82-100.

Cande, S.C., and Leslie, R.B., 1986. Late Cenozoic tectonic of the southern Chile trench. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, B1, 471-496.

Cerling, T.E., Wang, Y., and Quade, J., 1993. Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological changes in the late Miocene. Nature, 361, 344-45.

Cladouchos, T.T., Allmendinger, R.W., Coira, B., and Farrar, E., 1994. Late Cenozoic deformation in the Central Andes: Fault kinematics from the northern Puna, northwest Argentina and southwest Bolivia. J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 7, 209-28.

Coira, B.I., Davidson, J., Mpodozis, C., and Ramos, V.A., 1982. Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth Science Review, 18, 303-332.

Coira, B., Kay, S.M., and Viramonte, J., 1993. Upper Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Argentine Puna—A model for changing subduction geometry. Int. Geol. Rev., 35, 677-720.

Coney, P.J., and Evenchick, E.A., 1994. Consolidation of the American Cordilleras. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 7, 241-262. DOI: 10.1016/0895-9811(94)90011-6.

Cooper, M.A., Addison, F.T., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R.H., Hayward, A.B., Howe, S., Martinez, J., Penas, R., Pulham, A.J., and Taborda, A., 1995. Basin development and tectonic history of the Llano basin, Eastern Cordillera, and middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 79, 1421-1443.

Coutand, I., Cobbold, P.R., de Urreiztieta, M., Gautier, P., Chauvin, A., et al., 2001. Style and history of Andean deformation, Puna plateau, Northwestern Argentina. Tectonics, 20, 210-34.

Coutand, I., Carrapa, B., Deeken, A., Schmitt, A.K., Sobel, E.R., and Strecker, M.R., 2006. Orogenic plateau formation and lateral growth of compressional basins and ranges: insights from sandstone petrography and detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the Angastaco Basin, NW Argentina. Basin Res., 18, 1-26.

Dessanti, R.N., 1972. Andes Patagonicos Septentrionales. Geologia Regional Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba, Argentina, 655-687.

Dengo, C.A., and Covey, M.C., 1993. Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1315-1337.

Dewey, J.F., and Lamb, S.H., 1992. Active tectonics of the Andes. Tectonophysics, 205, 79-95. DOI: 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90419-7.

Deeken, A., Sobel, E.R., Coutand, I., Haschke, M., Riller, U., and Strecker, M.R., 2006. Construction of the southern Eastern Cordillera, NW- Argentina: from early Cretaceous extension to middle Miocene shortening, constrained by AFT-thermochronometry. Tectonics, 25. DOI: 10.1029/2005TC001894.

De Silva, S.L., and Gosnold, W.D., 2007. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 167, 320.

Ege, H., Sobel, E.R., Scheuber, E., and Jacobshagen, V., 2007. Exhumation history of the southern Altiplano plateau (southern Bolivia) constrained by

apatite fission-track thermochronology. Tectonics, 26. DOI: 10.1029/2005TC0018969.

Elger, K., Oncken, O., and Glondy, J., 2005. Plateau-style accumulation of deformation: The Southern Altiplano. Tectonics, DOI: 10.1029/2004TC001675.

Evernden, J.F., Kriz, S.J., and Cherroni, M.C., 1977. Potassium-argon ages of some Bolivian rocks. Econ. Geol., 72, 1042-61.

Gaupp, R., Kott, A., and Worner, G., 1999. Paleoclimatic implications of Mio-Pliocene sedimentation in the high-altitude intra-arc Lauca Basin of

northern Chile. Palaeogeol. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 151, 79-100.

Groeber, P., 1953. Mesozoico, in Geografia de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Geograficos GAEA, 2, 1-154.

Garzione, C.N., et al., 2008. Rise of the Andes. Science, 320, 1304-1307. DOI: 10.1126/science.1148615.

Gregory-Wodzicki, K.M., 2000. Uplift history of the Central and Northern Andes: A review. GSA Bulletin, 112, 1091-1105. DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1091: uhotca>2.0.co;2.

Gubbels, T.L., Isacks, B.L., and Farrar, E., 1993. High-level surfaces, plateau uplift, and foreland development, Bolivian central Andes. Geology, 21, 695-98.

Haller, M., and Lapido, O., 1980. El Mesozoico de la Cordillera Patagonica Central. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Revista, 35, 2, 230-247.

Harrington, H.J., 1961. Geology of parts of Antofagasta and Atacama provinces of northern Chile. AAPG Bulletin, 45, 169-197.

Herail, G., Oller, J., Baby, P., Blanco, J., Bonhommer, M.G., and Soler, P., 1996. The Tupiza, Nazareno and Estarca basins (Bolivia): strike-slip faulting and related basins in the Cenozoic evolution of the southern branch of the Bolivian Orocline. Tectonophysics, 259, 201-12.

Hernandez, R., Reynolds, J., and Disalvo, A., 1996. Analisis tectosedimentario y ubicacion geocronologica del Grupo Oran en el Rio Iruya. Bol. Inf. Petrol., 12, 80-93.

Hilley, G.E., and Strecker, M.R., 2005. Processes of oscillatory basin infilling and excavation in a tectonically active orogen: Quebrada del Toro Basin, NW Argentina. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 887-901.

Horton, B., 1996. Sequence of Late Oligocene-Miocene fold-thrust deformation and development of piggyback basins in the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia. Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn., 3rd, Saint-Malo, France, ORSTOM., 383-86.

Horton, B.K., and DeCelles, P.G., 1997. The modern foreland basin system adjacent to the Central Andes. Geology, 25, 895-898.

Houseman, G.A., Neil, E.A., and Kohler, M.D., 2000. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16237.

Isacks, B.L., 1988. Uplift of the Central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 3211-3231. DOI: 10.1029/JB093IB04P03211.

Ivins, E.R., and James, T.S., 2002. Simple model for late Holocene and present-day Patagonian glacier fluctuations and predictions of a geodetically detectable isostatic response. Journal of Geophysical International, 138, 601-624.

James, D.E., Sacks, I.S., and Skinner, B.J., 1999. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, 7, 1-25.

Jezek, P., Willner, A.P., Acenolaza, F.G., and Miller, H., 1985. The Puncoviscana trough, A large basin of Late Precambrian to Early Cambrian age on the Pacific edge of the Brazilian shield. Geol. Rundsch., 74, 573-84.

Jordan, T.E., Isacks, B.L., Allmendinger, R.W., Brewer, J.A., Ramos, V.A., and Ando, C.J., 1983. Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94, 341-361.

Jordan, T.E., and Alonso, R.N., 1987. Cenozoic stratigraphy and basin tectonics of the Andes mountains, 20o-28o South Latitude. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 71, 49-64.

Jordan, T.E., Reynolds, J.H., III, and Erikson, J.P., 1997. Variability in age of initial shortening and uplift in the Central Andes, 16-33o30’S, in

Ruddiman, W.F., ed., Tectonic uplift and climate change. New York, Plenum, 41-61.

Jordan, T.E., and Mpodozis, C., 2006. Estratigrafia y evolucion tectonica de la Cuenca Paleogena de Arizaro-Pocitos, Puna Occidental(24o-25oS). Congr. Geol. Chil., 2, 57-60.

Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., Ramos, V.A>, and Munizaga, F., 1991. Magma source variations for mid-late Tertiary magmatic rocks associated with a shallowing subduction zone and a thickening crust in the central Andes (28 to 33oS), in Harmon, R.S., and Rapela, C.W., eds., Andean magmatism

and its tectonics setting. Geological Society of America Special Paper,265, 113-137.

Kay, S.M., Coira, B., and Viramonte, J., 1994a. Young mafic back-arc volcanic rocks as indicators of continental lithospheric delamination beneath the Argentine Puna plateau, Central Andes. J. Geophys. Res., 99(B12), 24323-39.

Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., Tittler, A., and Cornejo, P., 1994b. Tertiary magmatic evolution of the Maricunga mineral belt in Chile. International Geology Review, 36, 1079-1112.

Kay, S.M., Ramos, V.A., and Gorring, M.L., 2002. Geochemistry of Eocene Plateau Basalts related to ridge collision in Southern Patagonian. XV Congreso Geologico Argentino, Actas, 3, 60-65.

Kennan, L., Lamb, S., and Rundle, C., 1995. K-Ar dates from the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia: implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics. J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 8(2), 163-86.

Kennan, L., Lamb, S.H., and Hoke, L., 1997. High altitude paleosurfaces in the Bolivian Andes: evidence for late Cenozoic surface uplift. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 120, 307-24.

Kley, J., Muller, J., Tawackoli, S., Jacovshagen, V., and Manutsiglu, E., 1996. Pre-andean and Andean-age deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. In press.

Kley, J., and Monaldi, C., 1998. Tectonic shortening and crustal thickness in the central Andes. How good is the estimate? Geology, 26, 723-726.

Kott, A., Gaupp, R., and Worner, G., 1995. Miocene to Recent history of the western Altiplano in northern Chile revealed by lacustrine sediments of the Lauca basin(18o15’-18o40’S/69o30’-69o05’W). Geol. Rundsch., 84, 770-80.

Kraemer, B., Adelmann, D., Alten, M., Schnurr, W., and Erpenstein, K., et al., 1999. Incorporation of the Paleogene foreland into Neogene Puna plateau: the Salar de Antofolla, NW Argentina. South Am. Earth Sci., 12, 157-82.

Lamb, S., and Davis, P., 2003. Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes. Nature, 425, 792-797. DOI: 10.1038/nature02049.

Lamb, S., and Hoke, L., 1997. Origin of the high plateau in the Central Andes, Bolivia, South America. Tectonics, 16, 623-649.

Lamb, S., Hoke, L., Kennan, L., and Dewey, J., 1997. Cenozoic evolution of the central Andes in Bolivia and northern Chile, in Burg, J.-P., and Ford, M., eds., Orogeny through time. Geological Society [London] Special Publication, 121, 237-264.

MacFadden, B.J., Anaya, F., and Swisher, C.C. III, 1995. Neogene paleomagnetism and oroclinal bending of the central Andes of Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res., 100(B5), 8153-67.

Marrett, R.A., Allmendinger, R.W., Alonso, R.N., and Drake, R.E., 1994. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Puna Plateau and adjacent foreland, northwestern Argentine Andes. J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 7, 179-208.

Marrett, R., and Strecker, M.R., 2000. Response of intracontinental deformation in the central Andes to late Cenozoic reorganization of South American Plate motions. Tectonics, 19, 452-67.

Malumián, N., Nullo, F.E., and Ramos, V.A., 1983. The Cretaceous of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, in M. Moullade and A.E.M. Nairin, eds., The Phanerozoic geology of the world: the Mesozoic, B. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publications, 265-304.

Marshall, L.G., and Sempere, T., 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review. In Fosiles y Facies de Bolivia, Vol. 1: Vertebrados, ed. Suarez-Spcuco, R., 12, 631-52.

Marshall, L.G., Sempere, T., and Gayet, M., 1993. The Petaca (late Oligocene-middle Miocene) and Yecua (late Miocene) formations of the Subandean-Chaco basin, Bolivia, and their tectonic significance. Doc. Lab. Geol., Lyon, 125, 291-301.

McQuarrie, N., 2002. The kinematic history of the central Andes fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: Implications for building a high plateau. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 950-63.

Megard, F., Noble, D.C., Mckee, E.H., and Bellon, H., 1984. Multiple pulses of Neogene compressive deformation in the Ayacucho intermontane basin, Andes of Central Peru. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, 1108-1117.

Mingram, A., Russo, A., Pozzo, A., and Cazau, L., 1979. Sierras Sub-Andinas. Ιn Turner, J.C.M., ed., Geologia regional Argentina, Cordoba, Academia Nacional Ciencias, I, 95-138.

Mon, R., and Salfity, J.A., 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 62, 269-83.

Montgomery, D.R., Balco, G., and Willett, S.D., 2001. Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the Andes. Geology, 29, 579-582. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0579: CTATMO>2.0.CO;2.

Mortimer, E., Schoenbohm, L., Carrapa, B., Sobel, E.R., Sosa Gomez, J., and Strecker, M.R., 2006. Compartmentalization of a foreland basin in response to plateau growth and diachronous thrusting: El Cajon – Campo Arenal Basin, NW Argentina. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.

Mpodozis, C., and Ramos, V.A., 1989. The Andes of Chile and Argentina. Houston, Texas, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, v. 11.

Naranjo. J.A., and Puig, A., 1984. Hojas Taltal y Chanaral. Santiago. Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria, Carta Geologia de Chile, 62-63, 1-140.

Nelson, E.O., Dalziel, I.W.D., and Milnes, A.G., 1980. Structural geology of Cordillera Darwin: Collision style orogenesis in the southernmost Chilean

Andes. Ecologae Geologicae Helveticae, 73, 727-751.

Niemeyer, H., Skarmeta, J., Fuenzalida, R., and Espinoza, W., 1984. Hoja Peninsula de Taitao y Puerto Aysen. Santiago, Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria, Carta Geologica de Chile, 60-61, 1-80.

Rapela, C., Spalleti, L., Merodio, J., and Aragon, E., 1988. Temporal evolution and spatial variation of early Tertiary volcanism in the Patagonian Andes (40oS – 42o30’S). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 1, 1, 75-88.

Pardo-Casas, F., and Molnar, P., 1987. Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American Plates since late Cretaceous time. Tectonics, 6, 233-248.

Pascual, R., Vucetich, M.G., and Fernandez, J., 1978. Los primeros mamiferos (notoungulate, henricosborniidae) de la formacion Mealla (Groupo Salta, Subgrupo Santa Barbara). Sus implicancias filogeneticas, taxonomicas y cronologicas. Ameghiniana, 15, 366-90.

Ramos, V.A., 1979. El vulcanismo del Cretacico inferior de la Cordillera Patagonica de Argentina y Chile. VII Congreso Geologico Argentino, Actas, 1, 423-436.

Ramos, V.A., 1982. Geologia de la region del Lago Cardiel, provincia de Santa Cruz. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Revista, 37, 23-49.

Ramos, V.A., Niemeyer, H., Skarmeta, I., and Munoz, J., 1982. The magmatic evolution of the Austral Patagonian Andes. Earth Science Reviews, 18, 411-443. DOI: 10.1016/0012-8252(82)90047-2.

Ramos, V.A., 1984. Patagonia: un continente paleozoico a la deriva? IX Congreso Geologico Argentino Actas 2, 311-325.

Ramos, V.A., 1985a. El Mesozoico de la Alta Cordillera de Mendoza: facies y Desarrollo estratigrafico, Argentina. Buenos Aires, IV Cogreso Geologico Chileno Actas, 1, 491-513.

Ramos, V.A., 1985b. El Mesozoico de la Alta Cordillera de Mendoza: Recontruccion tectonica de sus facies, Argentina. Antofagasta, IV Congreso Geologico Chileno Actas, 1, 104-118.

Ramos, V.A., 1989. Foothills structure in Northern Magallanes Basin, Argentina. American Association Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 73, 7, 887-903.

Ramos, V.A., and Kay, S.M., 1992. The Southern Patagonian plateau basalts: retroarc testimony of a ridge collision, Argentina. Tectonophysics, 205, 261-282.

Ramos, V.A., and Alonso, R.N., 1995. El Mar Paranense en la provincia de Jujuy. Rev. Geol. Jujuy, 10, 73-80.

Ramos, V.A., Cristallini, E.O., and Perez, D.J., 2002. The Pampean flat-slab of the Central Andes. South Am. Earth Sci., 15, 59-78.

Ramos, V.A., 2005. Ridge collision and topography: Foreland deformation in the Patagonian Andes. Tectonophysics, 399, 1-4, 73-86.

Ramos, V.A., and Ghiglione, M.C., 2008. Tectonic Evolution of the Patagonian Andes. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 11, 57-71. DOI: 10.1016/s1571-0866(07)10004-x.

Rapela, C.W., L.A. Spalletti, J.C., Merodio, E., and Aragon, 1988. Temporal evolution and spatial variation of early Tertiary volcanism in the Patagonian

Andes (400S - 42°30'S). Journal ofSouth American Earth Sciences 1, 75-88.

Rech, J.A., Currie, B.S., Michalski, G., and Cowan, A.M., 2006. Neogene climate change and uplift in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Geology, 34, 761-64.

Reynolds, J.H., Galli, C.I., Hernandez, R.M., Idleman, B.D., and Kotila, J.M., et al., 2000. Middle Miocene tectonic development of the Transition Zone,

Salta Province, northwest Argentina: magnetic stratigraphy from the Metan Subgroup, Sierra de Gonzalez. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 11, 1736-51.

Richter, D.H., Ludington, S.D., and Soria, E.E., 1992. Geologic setting. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia Bull., 1975, 14-24.

Russo, R., and Silver, P.G., 1996. Cordillera formation, mantle dynamics, and the Wilson cycle. Geology, 24, 511-514. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0511: CFMDAT>2.3.CO;2.

Saez, A., Cabrera, L., Jensen, A., and Chong, G., 1999. Late Neogene lacustrine record and palaeogeography in the Quillagua-Llamara basin, Central Andean fore-arc (northern Chile). Palaeogeol. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 151, 5-37.

Sebrier, M., Marocco, R., Gross, J.J., Macedo, B.S., and Montoya, R.M., 1979. Evolucion Neogena del Piedemonte Pacifico de los Andes del sur del Peru. Proceedings, Congreso Geologico Chileno,171-188.

Sebrier, M., Lavenu, A., Fornari, M., and Soulas, J., 1988. Tectonics and uplift in Central Andes (Peru, Bolivia and northern Chile) from Eocene to present. Geodynamique, 3, 85-106.

Sempere, T., Herail, G., Oller, J., and Bonhomme, M.G., 1990(b). Late Oligocene-early Miocene major tectonic crisis and related basins in Bolivia. Geology, 18, 946-949.

Sempere, T., 1995. Phanerozoic evolution of Bolivia and adjacent regions, in Tankard, A.J., Suarez, S., and Welsink, H.J., eds., Petroleum basins of

South America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 62, 207-230.

Sempere, T., Butler, R.F., Richards, D.R., Marshall, L.G., Sharp, W., and Swisher, C.C., 1997.Straitigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109, 709-727.

Schiller, W., 1912. La Alta Cordillera de San Juan y Mendoza y parte de la Provincia de San Juan. Buenos Aires, Anales Ministerio de Argicultura, Seccion de Geologia y Mineria, 7, 68.

Silver, P.G., Russo, R.M., and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., 1998. Coupling of South American and African plate motion and plate deformation. Science, 11, 211-215. DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5347.60.

Smith, A.G., Hurley, A.M., and Briden, J.C., 1981. Phanerozoic paleo continental world maps. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 102.

Skarmeta, J., and Castelli, J.C., 1997. Intrusion sintectonica del Granito de Las Torres del Paine, Andes Patagonicos de Chile. Revista Geologica de Chile, 24, 55-74.

Soler, P., and Jimenez, N., 1993. Magmatic constraints upon the evolution of the Bolivian Andes since late Oligocene times. Int. Conf. Andean Geodyn., 2nd, 447-51.

Somoza, R., 1998. Updated Nazca (Farallon)- South America relative motions during the last 40 m.y.: Implications for mountain building in the central Andean region. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 11, 211-215.

Sobel, E.R., and Strecker, M.R., 2003. Uplift, exhumation and precipitation: tectonic and climatic control of late Cenozoic landscape evolution in the

northern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina. Basin Res., 15, 431-51.

Sobolev, S.V., and Babeyko, A.Y., 2005. What drives orogeny in the Andes? Geology, 33.

Strecker, M.R., Cerveny, P., Bloom, A.L., and Malizia, D., 1989. Late Cenozoic tectonism and landscape development in the foreland of the Andes: Northern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina. Tectonics, 8, 517-34.

Strecker, M.R., Mulch, A., Uba, C., Schmitt, A.K., and Chamberlain, C., 2006. Late Miocene onset of the South American Monsoon. Eos Trans. Geophys. Union 87(52).

Strecker, M.R., Alonso, R.N., Bookhagen, B., Carrapa, B., Hilley, G.E., Sobel, E.R., and Trauth, M.H., 2007. Tectonics and Climate of the Southern Central Andes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 747-787. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140158.

Suarez, M., and de la Cruz, R., 1997. Edades K-Ar del Grupo Ibanez en la parte oriental del lago General Carrera(46o47oLS), Aysen, Chile. VIIIo Congreso Geologico Chileno, Actas, 2, 1548-1551.

Tawackoli, S., Jacobshagen, V., Wemmer, K., and Andriessen, P.A.M., 1996. The Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia: a key region to the Andean backarc uplift and deformation history. Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn., 3rd, Saint-Malo, France, ORSTOM., 505-8.

Thomson, S.N., Herve, F., and Stockhert, B., 2001. Mesozoic-Cenozoic denudation history of the Patagonian Andes (southern Chile) and its correlation to different subduction processes. Tectonics 20, 5, 693-711.

Trumbull, R.B>, Wittenbrink, R., Hahne, K., Emmerman, R., Busch, W., Gerstenberger, H., and Siebel, W., 1999. Evidence for late Miocene to Recent contamination of arc andesites by crustal melts in the Chilean Andes(25-26oS) and its geodynamic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12, 135-155.

Turner, J.C.M., 1972. Puna. Geologia Regional Argentina. Acad. Nac. Ciencias, I, 91-117.

Uba, C.E., Heubeck, C., and Hulka, C., 2005. Facies analysis and basin architecture of the Neogene Subandean synorogenic wedge, southern Bolivia. Sediment. Geol., 180, 91-123.

Uba, C.E., Heubeck, C., and Hulka, C., 2006. Evolution of the late Cenozoic Chao foreland basin, southern Bolivia. Basin Res., 18, 145-70.

Vandervoort, D.S., 1993. Non-marine evaporite basin studies, southern Puna plateau, Central Andes. PhD thesis. Cornell. Univ., Ithaca, NY., 177.

Van der Hammen, T., Werner, J.H., and Van Dommelen, H., 1973. Palynological record of the upheaval of the Northern Andes: A study of the Pliocene and lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and the early evolution of its high-Andean biota. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 16, 1-122.

Van der Hammen, T., and Hooghiemstra, H., 1997. Chronostratigraphy and correlation of the Pliocene and Quaternary of Colombia. Quaternary International, 40, 81-91.

Vicente, J.C., 1972. Apercu sur l’organization el l’evolution des Andes argentino-chiliennes centrales au parallele de Aconcagu. Montreal, XXIV International Geological Congress, 3, 42-436.

Van Hunen, J., van den Berg, A.P., and Vlaar, N.J., 2004. Various mechanisms to induce shallow flat subduction. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 146, 179-194. DOI:

Wdowinski, S., and Bock, Y., 1994. The evolution of deformation and topography of high elevated plateaus. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 7121-7130.

Yuan, X., Sobolev, S.V., and Kind, R., 2002. New data on Moho topography in the Central Andes and their geodynamic implications. Earth and

Planetary Science Letters, 199, 389-402.

Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-93.

Ελληνική Βιβλιογραφία

Μουντράκης, Δ., 2002. Τεκτονική εξέλιξη του ελληνικού ορογενούς. Γεωμετρία και κινηματική της παραμόρφωσης. Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, Τομ. XXXIV/6, 2113-2126.

Μουντράκης, Δ., 2010. Γεωλογία και Γεωτεκτονική Εξέλιξη της Ελλάδας. University Studio Press, 321.

Μουντράκης, Δ., 1994. Εισαγωγή στη Γεωλογία της Μακεδονίας και της Θράκης. Απόψεις για τη γεωτεκτονική εξέλιξη της Ελληνικής ενδοχώρας και των Εσωτερικών Ελληνίδων. Δελτ. Ελλ. Γεωλ. Ετ., 30, 31-46.

Διαδικτυακές Πηγές

Orykta.gr, https://www.orykta.gr/geologia-oryktologia/geologia-elladas


Εισερχόμενη Αναφορά

  • Δεν υπάρχουν προς το παρόν εισερχόμενες αναφορές.