Εξώφυλλο

Study of the Quaternary equids of Greece: systematics, biostratigraphy, phylogeny, palaeoecology = Μελέτη των Τεταρτογενών ιπποειδών της Ελλάδας: συστηματική, βιοστρωματογραφία, φυλογένεση, παλαιοοικολογία

Anastasia Georgios Gkeme

Περίληψη


The present thesis offers important updated information on the systematics and evolution of the Greek Quaternary equids (genus Equus) that contributes to the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Greek fossil record. The thesis deals with the study of more than 8000 equine specimens. The studied material comes from the following Quaternary fossiliferous localities: Dafnero (DNF, DFN3), Sésklo, Vatera (VAT-E, VAT-F, VAT-D), Volax, Vassiloudi, Gerakarou, Libakos, Polylakkos, E-Siatista, Kapetanios, Krimni (KRI, KRM, KMN), Riza-1, Tsiotra Vryssi, Apollonia, Alikes, Volos, Platanochori-1, Petralona Cave and Aggitis. The study mainly focused on the detailed description of the available specimens including many new fossils and nearly all the previously published ones. Evolutionary hypotheses were discussed and biostratigraphic contribution has been investigated. The palaeoecological adaptations of Pleistocene equids of the Greek and European fossil record were also examined. E. stenonis has been identified at Sésklo, Dafnero, Volax and Krimni-1 (partim). The range of variability between the various “subspecies” of E. stenonis is not adequate to discriminate them as separate subspecies but would appear to be assignable to population variability of a single species over time. Equus cf. E. senezensis and Equus aff. E. stehlini have been identified in Pyrgos. Equus altidens has been identified in Gerakarou, Krimni (KRI, KMN), Libakos, Tsiotra Vryssi, Petralona and E-Siatista. The presence of E. altidens in Petralona probably marks its last occurrence in Eastern Europe. The fossil remains from Vassiloudi show great similarities with E. suessenbornensis from Pirro Nord. E. apolloniensis is recorded in Apollonia, Volos and Alikes. The large sized Equus from Tsiotra Vrysi resembles both E. apolloniensis and Equus altidens granatensis. The equid from VAT-F resembles both E. apolloniensis and E. stenonis olivolanus, while the gigantic equid from VAT-E resembles the typical E. suessenbornensis and E. major. The caballoid E. ferus has been identified in Petralona Cave and Aggitis. The phylogenetic analysis of the Greek Equus focused only on species that include cranial, dental, and postcranial elements. The results of the cladistic analysis on E. apolloniensis support its attribution to primitive forms of modern equids based on its derived characters and increased hypsodonty. The asinine dental characters of this species place it within the E. asinus subclade. Further, the results also verify the close phylogenetic relationship of E. altidens from Gerakarou and Dmanisi. The results of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Greek equid fossil record provided further confirmation of the biochronological correlation of the studied localities. During the early-middle Early Pleistocene E. stenonis, E. senezensis and possible E. stehlini are present in Greece. Equus altidens succeeded Equus stenonis during the late Early Pleistocene. Equus apolloniensis appears during the latest Villafranchian and Epivillafranchian of Greece. At the beginning of Middle Pleistocene in Europe, the stenonoid equids have gradually been replaced by the caballoids, the lineage of true horses (E. ferus). The results of the palaeoecological analyses (mesowear, microwear, ecomorphology-habitat scores) suggested grazing habits for all the Early to Middle Pleistocene Greek and European equids, indicative of open landscapes and savannah-like woodland environments.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η συστηματική, φυλογενετική, βιοστρωματογραφική και παλαιοοικολογική μελέτη των απολιθωμένων Τεταρτογενών (2,5 εκ. χρόνια πριν έως σήμερα) ιπποειδών της Ελλάδας. Το υλικό μελέτης αποτελείται από ~8.000 απολιθώματα κρανιακού, οδοντικού και μετακρανιακού υλικού προερχόμενα από 20 απολιθωματοφόρες θέσεις σε όλη την επικράτεια: Κεντρική Μακεδονία: Γερακαρού, Βασιλούδι, Ριζά-1, Κρήμνη (KRI, KRM, KMN), Τσιότρα Βρύση, Πλατανοχώρι, Απολλωνία, Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων, Δυτική Μακεδονία: Δαφνερό (DFN, DFN3), Λίβακος, Καπετάνιος, Πολύλακκος, Σιάτιστα-Ε, Ανατολική Μακεδονία: Βώλακας, Αγγίτης, Θεσσαλία: Σέσκλο, Αλυκές, Βόλος, Πελοπόννησος: Πύργος, Βόρειο Αιγαίο: Βατερά Λέσβου (VAT-F, VAT-E). Οι Τεταρτογενείς πανίδες θηλαστικών της Ελλάδας αποτελούνται αποκλειστικά από το γένος Equus που αποτελεί το συντριπτικό ποσοστό των θηλαστικών. Το είδος Equus stenonis αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις Δαφνερό, Βώλακας, Σέσκλο και Κρήμνη-1. Στην θέση Πύργος αναγνωρίστηκαν το Equus cf. E. senezensis και το Equus aff. E. stehlini. Το Equus altidens αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις: Γερακαρού, Κρήμνη, Τσιότρα Βρύση, Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων, Λίβακος, Πολύλακκος και Ε-Σιάτιστα. Τα κρανία και ο μετακρανιακός σκελετός παρουσιάζουν μορφολογικές και μορφομετρικές ομοιότητες με το E. altidens από το Pirro Nord (Ιταλία) και το Dmanisi (Γεωργία). Το άλογο από την Κρήμνη και την Τσιότρα Βρύση είναι κοντά στις αναλογίες του E. altidens από τη Venta Micena. Η παρουσία του E. altidens στο Σπήλαιο των Πετραλώνων πιθανώς σηματοδοτεί την τελευταία εμφάνιση του είδους στην Ανατολική Ευρώπη. Το μεγαλόσωμο άλογο από τη θέση Τσιότρα Βρύση παρουσιάζει ομοιότητες με αυτό της Απολλωνίας και της Venta Micena. Το υλικό από το Βασιλούδι παρουσιάζει ομοιότητες με το E. suessenbornensis από το Pirro Nord. To άλογο από τη θέση VAT-F έχει μορφομετρικές ομοιότητες με αυτό της Απολλωνίας και του E. stenonis olivolanus. Το άλογο από τη θέση VAT-Ε μοιάζει μορφολογικά με το τυπικό E. suessenbornensis και το E. major. Το Equus apolloniensis αναγνωρίστηκε στις θέσεις Απολλωνία, Βόλος και Αλυκές. Στις θέσεις Πετράλωνα και Αγγίτης αναγνωρίστηκε το E. ferus. Τα αποτελέσματα τις κλαδιστικής ανάλυσης επιβεβαίωσαν την κοινή φυλογενετική σχέση των αλόγων από την Γερακαρού και το Dmanisi. Το E. apolloniensis σχετίζεται φυλογενετικά με τον υποκλάδο του E. asinus. Τα αποτελέσματα της συστηματικής και φυλογενετικής ανάλυσης συνέβαλαν στην χρονολογική διάρθρωση των χερσαίων αποθέσεων του Τεταρτογενούς της Ελλάδας και στην χρονολόγηση των υπό μελέτη απολιθωματοφόρων θέσεων με βάση τα ιπποειδή. Κατά τις αρχές του Κατώτερου Πλειστόκαινου (early-middle Early Pleistocene) στην Ελλάδα εμφανίζονται το E. stenonis (DFN, SES, VOL, KRI), το E. senezensis και πιθανώς το E. stehlini (PYR). Περί το τέλος του Κατωτέρου Πλειστόκαινου της Ελλάδας το E. stenonis εξακολουθεί να υπάρχει, ενώ την άφιξή τους έχουν κάνει το E. altidens και το E. apolloniensis. Το E. altidens εμφανίζεται έως και το Μέσο Πλειστόκαινο. Στην έναρξη του Μέσου Πλειστοκαίνου της Ευρώπης, τα αρχαϊκά «stenonoid» άλογα σταδιακά αντικαταστάθηκαν από τα πιο εξελιγμένα «caballoid» άλογα. Τα αποτελέσματα της μεσοτριβής των δοντιών έδειξαν για τα άλογα της Ελλάδας να προτιμούν τη βόσκηση σε γρασίδι (grazing habits). Τα αποτελέσματα της μικροτριβής έδειξαν ότι τα Κάτω Πλειστοκαινικά άλογα είχαν ενδιάμεσες διατροφικές προτιμήσεις, υποδεικνύοντας ένα μωσαϊκό περιβάλλον με ανοικτά δάση-δασώδεις σαβάνες.

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