Life history of the pleistocene imsular rumin ants of Java (Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) = Κύκλος ζωής των πλειστοκαινικών νησιώτικων μηρυκαστικών της Ιάβας (Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) .

Evangelos Manos Tsatsalis

Life history of the pleistocene imsular rumin ants of Java (Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) = Κύκλος ζωής των πλειστοκαινικών νησιώτικων μηρυκαστικών της Ιάβας (Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) Axis Lydekkeri and Duboisia Santeng) .

Evangelos Manos Tsatsalis

Περίληψη

In the present thesis, I studied fossil material of two endemic ruminant species, the deer Axis lydekkeri (Cervini, Cervidae) and the antelope Duboisia santeng (Boselaphini, Bovidae) belonging to the world-famous Dubois collection. The fossils include dozens of mandibles and isolated molars from both species, assembled mostly from Trinil as well as other sites all over Java. They date back to the Middle Pleistocene and are part of the Stegodon-Homo erectus fauna. The life history of endemic mammal species has long been of interest as a means of studying the effect of insularity on mammals. The present study was a unique opportunity to gather new data from a historic collection and contribute to the ongoing discussion about the life history strategies of endemic species. The data were obtained by measuring the crown height of the molars of each mandible and then adjusting the measurements for the isolated molars since the whole tooth is visible this time. The raw measurements were then translated into age estimations using the Quadratic Crown Height Method. Mortality profiles and mortality curves based on these estimations were then produced in order to address the life-history strategies of these two species. The results correspond well with what is known about life history traits of other endemic ungulates and indicate a shift towards a slow life, with maximum survivability around 70-80% of potential ecological longevity. The mortality profiles for both species are attritional, U-shaped, and with high mortality for juveniles. Based on the profile, in which mortality is almost constant throughout the age groups, it seems that Duboisia was targeted more by predators and/or hominid hunters. This could be attributed to its lifestyle (gregarious, moving in herds) or even more likely, the type of environment (more open habitat compared with the deer). Finally, potential cases of osteophagia are presented here and discussed.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελέτησα απολιθωμένο υλικό από δύο ενδημικά είδη μηρυκαστικών της Ιάβας, το ελάφι Axis lydekkeri (Cervini, Cervidae) και την αντιλόπη Duboisia santeng (Boselaphini, Bovidae). Η συλλογή περιλάμβανε δεκάδες κάτω γνάθους, αλλά και μεμονωμένα δόντια και από τα δύο είδη, ενώ τα περισσότερα δείγματα προέρχονταν από τις περιοχές Trinil και Sangiran της κεντρικής και ανατολικής Ιάβας. Τα δείγματα χρονολογούνται στο Μέσο Πλειστόκαινο και είναι κομμάτι της πανιδικής φάσης Stegodon-Homo erectus. Οι κύκλοι ζωής των νησιωτικών ζώων πάντα αποτελούν σημείο ενδιαφέροντος καθώς δίνουν την ευκαιρία για μελέτη του φαινόμενου του ενδημισμού και το πως αυτός επηρεάζει τις στρατηγικές επιβίωσης των ζώων και η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα προσφέρει περεταίρω στοιχεία προς αυτή τη κατεύθυνση. Τα ατομικά ηλικιακά δεδομένα συγκεντρώθηκαν μέσω της μεθόδου υπολογισμού QCHM η οποία χρησιμοποιεί το ύψος της οδοντοστοιχίας και τον βαθμό τριβής αυτού για να έρθει σε έμμεσα συμπεράσματα για την ηλικία του εκάστοτε ζώου. Στη συνέχεια τα δεδομένα αυτά μετατράπηκαν σε προφίλ θανάτου και καμπύλες θανάτου, τα οποία σε γενικές γραμμές συμφωνούν με την υπόλοιπη βιβλιογραφία στο ότι τα ενδημικά είδη τείνουν προς προσαρμογές που ευνοούν τα ζώα μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας, με μέγιστες πιθανότητες επιβίωσης περίπου στο 60 – 80% του μέγιστου προσδόκιμου ζωής. Τα προφίλ και των δύο ειδών είναι σε σχήμα U με τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά θανάτου να ανήκουν στα ανήλικα και νεαρά άτομα. Στο προφίλ του βοοειδούς παρατηρείται ένα σταθερό ποσοστό θανάτου, που μπορεί να δηλώνει ότι σε αντίθεση με το ελάφι, επηρεαζόταν περισσότερο από αρπακτικά ή ίσως και ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα (κυνήγι). Αυτή η διαφορά μπορεί να οφείλεται είτε στα διαφορετικά μεγέθη ομάδων που τα δύο είδη διαμόρφωναν είτε στα ενδιαιτήματα που προτιμούσαν να διαβιούν. Τέλος εξετάζονται πιθανές περιπτώσεις οστεοφαγίας.

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