Εξώφυλλο

Γεωλογικα και κοιτασματολογικα χαρακτηριστικα του κοιτασματος pb-zn-ag-au στην Ολυμπιαδα Χαλκιδικης = Geological and depositional characteristics of the pb-zn-ag-au deposit in Olympias Chalkidiki.

Ζωή Πέτρος Κατσίκη

Περίληψη


Τα πολυμεταλλικά κοιτάσματα στην περιοχή της βα χαλκιδικής ανήκουν στα μετασωματικά κοιτάσματα ή κοιτάσματα αντικατάστασης. αυτά τα κοιτάσματα εμφανίζουν γεωλογικές ομοιότητες με άλλα κοιτάσματα παρόμοιου τύπου εντός της σερβομακεδονικής μεταλλογενετικής ζώνης και της περιοχής του αιγαίου αλλά διακρίνονται από το ότι είναι πλούσια σε au. η μεταλλοφορία της ολυμπιάδας φιλοξενείται από μάρμαρα που έρχονται σε επαφή, και σε γειτνίαση, με το ρήγμα της κασσάνδρας, όπου οι ομοιότητες στην υφή και ορυκτολογία με τα κοιτάσματα συμπαγών σουλφιδίων κατά μήκος του ρήγματος του στρατωνίου υποδηλώνουν μία γενετική σχέση με τις τεκτονικές δομές της περιοχής. τα περιβάλλοντα πετρώματα αποτελούνται κυρίως από μάρμαρα, βιοτιτικούς-κεροστιλβικούς γνευσίους και αμφιβολίτες. τα πετρώματα έχουν παραμορφωθεί και μεταμορφωθεί στην αμφιβολιτική φάση. οι διεργασίες αυτές στο σχηματισμό των κερδυλλίων φαίνεται να διήρκησαν μέχρι τις αρχές του τριτογενούς και κορυφώθηκαν με ανάτηξη και ασβεσταλκαλικό μαγματισμό. αυτά τα φαινόμενα αντιπροσωπεύονται από παραμορφωμένες και μη-παραμορφωμένες φλέβες πηγματιτών-απλιτών, φλέβες λαμπρόφυρων και τον γρανοδιορίτη του στρατωνίου ηλικίας 28 ma. το στάδιο αυτό χαρακτηρίζεται επίσης από φαινόμενα μεταμόρφωσης επαφής στην πρασινοσχιστολιθική φάση. οι εκτιμώμενες θερμοκρασίες και πιέσεις βασισμένες σε δεδομένα ρευστών εγκλεισμάτων υποδεικνύουν ότι η μεταλλογένεση πραγματοποιήθηκε σε βάθη μικρότερα από περίπου 5,9 km, σε υδροστατικές συνθήκες. η ζωνώδης κατανομή της μεταλλοφορίας μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως ένδειξη δράσης υδροθερμικών ρευστών, τα οποία ήταν πλούσια σε h2o-nacl και h2o-co2 με φαινόμενα μη αναμειξιμότητας μεταξύ τους. τα σύνδρομα ανθρακικά ορυκτά που σχετίζονται με την μεταλλοφορία, εμφανίζουν τιμές ισοτοπικών συστάσεων ενδιάμεσες μεταξύ του αναλλοίωτου μαρμάρου και του μαγματικού πετρώματος, υποδηλώνοντας την αντίδραση μεταξύ μαγματικών υδροθερμικών ρευστών και μαρμάρου. τα θειούχα μεταλλοφόρα σώματα κατά πάσα πιθανότητα κληρονόμησαν την ομοιόμορφη σύσταση ισοτόπων pb από μία μαγματική πηγή του ολιγοκαίνου και τις ισοτοπικά ετερογενείς μεταμορφικές ενότητες του υποβάθρου.  

Τhe polymetallic deposits in the mining area of kassandra belong to the massive sulfide replacement type deposits. these deposits show geological similarities to the similar deposits within the serbo-macedonian metallogenic zone and the aegean, but they are distinguished from their high au content. the olympias orebodies are hosted by marbles in contact with, and adjacent to, the kassandra fault, where textural and mineralogical similarities to the stratoni fault sulfides suggest a genetic relationship with these structures. the surrounding rocks consist mainly of marbles, biotite-feldspar gneisses and amphibolites. the rocks have been deformed and metamorphosed in the amphibolite phase. these processes in the kerdylion unit seem to have lasted until the beginning of the tertiary and culminated with anatexis and calc-alkaline magmatism. these occurrences are represented by deformed and undeformed pegmatite-aplite dikes, labrophyre dikes and the 28 ma stratoni granodiorite. this stage is also characterized by contact metamorphic phenomena in the greenschist phase. estimated trapping temperatures and pressures based on fluid inclusion data indicate that mineralization occurred at depths less than about 5.9 km, under hydrostatic conditions. the zoning of the orebody can be used as an indication of the action of the hydrothermal fluid, which were enriched in h2o-nacl and h2o-co2 demonstrating immiscibility processes. the carbonate gangue minerals associated with the mineralization show values of isotopic compositions intermediate between unaltered marble and igneous rock, suggesting the reaction between magmatic hydrothermal fluids and marble. the massive sulfide ore bodies likely inherited the uniform pb isotope composition from an oligocene igneous source and the isotopically heterogeneous metamorphic units of the background.

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