Εξώφυλλο

Ηφαιστειακοί χειμώνες = Volcanic wintes.

Μαρία Μιλτιάδης Πραματάρη

Περίληψη


Παρατηρείται γενικά μια πτώση της παγκόσμιας θερμοκρασίας έπειτα από μεγάλες εκρήξεις ηφαιστείων για τα επόμενα 1-6 χρόνια . Συγκεκριμένα , όταν η έκρηξη συμβαίνει εγγύτερα στον ισημερινό οι επιπτώσεις επηρεάζουν το παγκόσμιο κλίμα, ενώ όταν λαμβάνει χώρα σε ένα ημισφαίριο οι επιπτώσεις επηρεάζουν αποκλειστικά εκείνο που πραγματοποιήθηκε η έκρηξη. Την μεγαλύτερη έκρηξη της Τεταρτογενούς περιόδου αποτελεί η έκρηξη του Τoba , η οποία εξαιτίας του ηφαιστειακού χειμώνα που προκάλεσε μπορούσε να εξουδετερώσει ένα μεγάλο μέρος των σύγχρονων ανθρώπων. Συνεπώς , έχει διαπιστωθεί ότι ο ηφαιστειακός χειμώνας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μείωση του πληθυσμού . Παρόμοια αποτελέσματα σημειώνονται με τις εκρήξεις στρατοηφαιστείων , όπως το Tambora και Pinatubo που μπορούν να διαρκέσουν λίγες ώρες έως εβδομάδες, ενώ οι εκρήξεις βασάλτη  συνεχίζονται για χρόνια ή ακόμα και χιλιετίες. Επίσης , οι "υπέρ- εκρήξεις " καθίσταται δυνατό να προκαλέσουν ισχυρούς ηφαιστειακούς χειμώνες και βραχυπρόθεσμη ψύξη σε πλήθος περιοχών του κόσμου. Ως μελλοντικό αποτέλεσμα των παραπάνω εκρήξεων είναι πιθανό να επέλθουν μεταξύ άλλων αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στη γεωργία καθώς και ελλείψεις τροφίμων σε ορισμένες άμεσα εμπλεκόμενες περιοχές. Καταλήγοντας , αν και η τοποθεσία και ο χρόνος της επόμενης μεγάλης έκρηξης είναι απροσδιόριστες , είναι αυξημένη η πιθανότητα να συμβούν και στο μέλλον.

After large volcanic eruptions there was a drop in global temperature for the next 1-6 years. When the eruption occurs near the equator the effects affect the global climate, while when it occurs in a hemisphere the effects only affect the specific location of the explosion. The Toba eruption is the largest of the Quaternary period. The volcanic winter caused by the eruption of the Toba volcano could have neutralized a large part of modern humans. Volcanic winters can therefore reduce the population. Unlike the explosive eruptions of camp volcanoes like Toba, Tambora and Pinatubo that last only for hours to weeks, basalt eruption continues for years, if not millennia. "super-eruptions" can cause severe volcanic winters and short-term cooling in several large parts of the world. In the future, a major explosion can have a negative impact on agriculture and lead to food shortages in some areas. Although the location and time of the next big eruption are not yet clear, it is known that they will happen.

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